Early experiences with the Mount Allison University four-detector X-ray fluorescence bone lead measurement system

Ahmed, Naseer; Fleming, David E.B.

doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2007.04.133

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The bone phantom was made from plaster-of-Paris, with an added concentration of 20 g of lead per gram of material. 19 The bone phantom was 100 mm in length and 25 mm in diameter. The leg phantom was made using ultra-high mo-lecular weight polyethylene 22 with dimensions of 100 mm length and 102 mm diameter.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…24 For each bone lead XRF system, then, an inverse variance weighted mean approach was used to obtain a final value for measured lead concentration and measurement uncertainty from a given measurement. 19 These final values were compiled and compared between the four experimental arrangements noted above: ͑1͒ conventional system, low activity source; ͑2͒ conventional system, high activity source; ͑3͒ cloverleaf system, low activity source; and ͑4͒ cloverleaf system, high activity source. Differences in measured concentration and average measurement uncertainty were assessed by a small sample test statistic for means ͑t test͒.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using this approach, measurement uncertainty may be reduced significantly over the single detector method, while still delivering a relatively modest effective dose to subject. 18 A cloverleaf array of 4 ϫ 500 mm 2 has now been designed and characterized, 19 initially using a low activity excitation source. In the current paper, we report for the first time results from this system using both high activity ͑4.4 GBq͒ and low activity ͑0.19 GBq͒ 109 Cd sources to measure lead concentration in a bone/leg phantom.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A cloverleaf detector system for in vivo bone lead measurement

Fleming

Mills

2007

Medical Physics

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A 4 x 500 mm2 "cloverleaf" low energy germanium detector array has been assembled for the purpose of in vivo bone lead measurement through x-ray fluorescence. Using 109Cd as an exciting source, results are reported from a leg phantom simulating measurement of lead in a human tibia. For high activity (4.0-4.4 GBq) and low activity (0.18-0.19 GBq) sources, measurement results are reported for both the cloverleaf system and a conventional single detector system of equivalent surface area (2000 mm2). The mean uncertainty and reproducibility of measurement were both significantly improved for the cloverleaf system with a high activity 109Cd source. When using a source activity of 4.4 GBq, measurement of the phantom resulted in an average bone lead uncertainty of 0.79 microg/g and a reproducibility of 0.84 microg/g. These results represent the highest precision yet reported from a bone lead x-ray fluorescence system.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A cloverleaf detector system for in vivo bone lead measurement

Fleming

Mills

2007

Medical Physics

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“…Most recently, Nie et al [22] have a third-generation system with four HpGe detector elements and the 109 Cd source is mounted interstitially and in front of the detector array, which has been referred to as a 'clover leaf' geometry. Third-generation systems have been implemented by Ahmed and Fleming [23] and by Campbell et al [24], but a majority of the current measurement systems are of the second-generation type. The progressive improvement in detection limits of bone lead techniques are summarized in table 1.…”

Section: Bone Lead Measurement Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo applications of X-ray fluorescence in human subjects

Chettle

2011

Pramana - J Phys

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X-ray fluorescence has been used to measure several elements noninvasively within living human subjects. Some description is given of the constraints imposed by this rather unusual form of analysis together with a brief listing indicating the range of elements for which such analyses have been developed. Measurements of two elements are then presented in more detail. Lead is measured in bone and has become a well-established tool in continuing research into the long term effects of lead. Strontium is also measured in bone and, although presently not in widespread use, offers the potential for essential information in the study of the reported benefits of strontium supplementation.

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“…Ahmed et al [18] have successfully commissioned and calibrated the new cloverleaf four-detector bone lead XRF system. Initial trials performed on lead-doped phantoms have demonstrated reasonable measurement uncertainties and reproducibility.…”

Section: System Optimizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo XRF measurement of lead in bone: theory and important progress

Xian-qing

2009

SPIE Proceedings

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Lead is a leading environmental toxicant and Lead exposure has effects on many systems. Bone lead measured in vivo, has been shown to reflect cumulative lead exposure. Objective: To introduce and study in vivo XRF Measurements of Lead in Bone. Methods: Important progress and technology were summarized and introduced. Results:In vivo XRF is a safe and effective tool, which has enabled skeletal lead concentration measurement. X-ray spectrometry in vivo has contributed to the understanding of long-term human lead metabolism in ways that would not otherwise have happened. Conclusion: Efforts to introduce further improvements to the XRF technique are ongoing in order to lower its measurement uncertainty and enhance reproducibility. This may become especially important as the method becomes more widely used in the study of non-occupationally exposed populations, whose bone lead concentrations are generally quite low and thus comparable with the MDL of the standard XRF technique.

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Early experiences with the Mount Allison University four-detector X-ray fluorescence bone lead measurement system

Cited by 6 publications

References 14 publications

A cloverleaf detector system for in vivo bone lead measurement

A cloverleaf detector system for in vivo bone lead measurement

In vivo applications of X-ray fluorescence in human subjects

In vivo XRF measurement of lead in bone: theory and important progress

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