Early Exposure to Soy Isoflavones and Effects on Reproductive Health: A Review of Human and Animal Studies

Dinsdale, Elsa; Ward, Wendy E.

doi:10.3390/nu2111156

Cited by 64 publications

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“…Similarly, uterus weights of the animals, which were fed phytoestrogen rich diet, were detected to be increased. Genistein found in the soy caused proliferation of the epithelium cells and enlarged uterus when administered to the rats at high doses (Erlandsson et al 2005, Dinsdale andWard 2010). The results of the present study, in which relative ovary and uterus weights incresed in 200 mg/kg ethanol extract administered animals (P<0.05, Table 1), supported the previous findings (Whitten et al 1992, Erlandsson et al 2005, Dinsdale and Ward 2010, Jefferson et al 2012.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…As it is known, phytoestrogens bind estrogen receptors and exert estrogen-like activity resulting in secrteion and proliferation in the uterus and cause increase in the uterus weight (Erlandsson et al 2005, Dinsdale andWard 2010). Similarly, uterus weights of the animals, which were fed phytoestrogen rich diet, were detected to be increased.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…Genistein found in the soy caused proliferation of the epithelium cells and enlarged uterus when administered to the rats at high doses (Erlandsson et al 2005, Dinsdale andWard 2010). The results of the present study, in which relative ovary and uterus weights incresed in 200 mg/kg ethanol extract administered animals (P<0.05, Table 1), supported the previous findings (Whitten et al 1992, Erlandsson et al 2005, Dinsdale and Ward 2010, Jefferson et al 2012. On the other hand, no statistical significant difference was detected in 100 mg/kg ethanol extract administered animals, which could be related with the low concentretion of the isoflavons (Table 2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to the considerations form previously published data regarding the effects of soya on the female genital system, it has been hypothesized that soya may effect primordial, primary and secondary follicles progression and these changes in tne ovary may be determined by stereologic methods (Awoniyi et al 1998, Dinsdale andWard 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effects of different extracts of Glycine max (L.) Merr. on primordial, primary and secondary follicles

Akkol¹,

Özdemir²,

Ceylantekin³

2017

EurasianJVetSci

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1 ÖzAmaç: Soya (Glycine max L.)'ın dişi üreme sistemi üzerine etkileri araştırmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntem:Soya bitkisi n-hekzan, etil asetat ve etanol ekstrak edilerek ratlara oral yolla 1 ay süre ile 100 ve 200 mg/kg dozlarında (SID) verildi. Ratların diöstrus durumu vajinal smear yöntemi ile menstrual siklus gözlenerek belir-lendi. Deneme sürecinin sonunda hayvanlar ötenazi edildi. Üreme sistemi organları stereolojik yöntemlerle ratlardan alınarak analiz edildi. Ovaryumdaki foliküller stereolojik ola-rak optik disektör metodu ile sayıldı. Ovaryum ve uterusun ağırlığı da değerlendirildi.Bulgular: 200 mg/kg dozunda soya etanol ekstresi verilen ratların genital sisteminde bazı değişiklikler meydana geldi. Test gruplarında vajinal açıklık arttı, önemli bir ağırlık artışı gözlenmezken uterin hiperemi oluştuğu belirlendi. Relatif ovaryum ağırlığı, uterus ağırlığı arttı ve epitelyal hücrele-rin irileştiği gözlendi. Primordial, primer folikül sayılarında tüm gruplarda önemli bir fark gözlenmedi. Sekonder folikül çapı azalırken sekonder foliküllerin sayısı 200 mg/kg etanol ekstresi verilen grupta, kontrol grubuna kıyasla arttığı belir-lendi. İzoflavon içeriği aktif ekstrakt üzerinde yüksek basınç kromatografi (HPLC) tekniği kullanılarak belirlendi. Etanol ekstraktında daidzein ve genistein miktarlarısırasıyla 3.851 µg/g ve 3.127 µg/g olarak belirlendi.Öneri: Soya bitkisi fitoöstrojenlerin dişi genital sistemi üze-rine doza bağlı olarak etkileri olabileceği ifade edilebilir. Materials and Methods:n-hexane, ethyl acetate, ethanol extracts of soya plant were administered to the rats by oral route at 100 and 200 mg/kg doses (SID) for 1 month. By mo-nitoring the menstrual cycle with vaginal smear method, di-estrus stage of the rats were determined. At the end of expe-rimental period the animals were euthanized. Genital system organs taken of rats were analyzed by stereological methods. Follicules were counted with optical dissector method in the ovaryum stereologically, the weights of the ovaries, uterus were also evaluated.Results: Some changes occured in genital system of the rats which were given at 200 mg/kg dose of soy ethanol extract. In test groups vaginal aperture increased, uterine appeared likehyperemia while significant weight increase did not oc-cur. The weight of relative ovarium, uterus weight increased, coarsening of epithelial cells was observed. No significant difference was observed in all groups regarding the numbers of primordial, primary follicles. Diameter of secondaryfol-licule reduced while the number of secondary follicule inc-reased in 200 mg/ kg ethanol extract administered group, when compared to control group. The amount of isoflavone content was determined by using high pressure liquid chro-matography technique on the active extract. The amount of daidzein, genistein were found to be 3.851 µg/gand 3.127 µg/g, respectively in the ethanol extract. Conclusion:It could be stated that phytoestrogens in soya plant dose-dependently affect the female genital system.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The effects of different extracts of Glycine max (L.) Merr. on primordial, primary and secondary follicles

Akkol¹,

Özdemir²,

Ceylantekin³

2017

EurasianJVetSci

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“…They stipulated that s.c. injections of genistein is a suitable alternative to oral exposure, as both routes and compounds caused biological estrogenic activity. In a recent review, Dinsdale and Ward (2010) stated that it is not known whether different routes of administration result in similar or dissimilar isoflavone concentrations and that this requires direct comparison within a study. In the current experiment, dietary supplementation with 2 g of genistein daily brought about a similar increase in circulating genistein concentrations than two daily i.m.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of dose and route of administration of genistein on isoflavone concentrations in post-weaned and gestating sows

Farmer

Robertson

Gilani

2013

Animal

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Phytoestrogens could be a useful tool in swine husbandry practices because of their structural and functional similarities to estradiol. The goal of this study was to compare various routes and doses of administration of the phytoestrogen genistein in sows of two different physiological statuses. Circulating concentrations of isoflavones, estradiol and IGF-I were determined. In experiment 1, 65 sows were equally divided into the five following groups, between days 3 and 5 of the first or second estrous cycle post weaning: (1) controls (CTL); (2) 1 g of genistein fed daily (OR1); (3) 2 g of genistein fed daily (OR2); (4) two daily i.m. injections of 200 mg of genistein (IM400); and (5) two daily i.m. injections of 400 mg of genistein (IM800). Treatments were carried out for 10 days. In experiment 2, 10 sows were equally divided into two groups on day 90 of gestation, namely, controls (CTL) or 2 g of genistein fed daily for 10 days (OR2). In both trials, jugular blood samples were collected on days 1 (before treatment), 5 and 10 at 0730 h. In experiment 1, a blood sample was also collected at 1730 h on day 10 for CTL, IM400 and IM800 sows. In experiment 1, circulating concentrations of genistein on days 5 and 10 were greater in OR2, IM400 and IM800 than in CTL and OR1 group sows (P < 0.01). Daily dietary supplementation with 2 g of genistein resulted in blood concentrations that were similar to those in animals given daily two i.m. injections of 200 mg. Values of all isoflavones, except equol, which was not detectable, were greater in PM than in AM on day 10 (P < 0.01). In experiment 2, genistein concentrations were greater in OR2 compared with CTL on days 5 and 10 (P ⩽ 0.05). There was no difference in the genistein response to OR2 because of physiological status (i.e. weaned v. gestating, P > 0.1). Estradiol and IGF-I concentrations were not altered by any of the treatments (P > 0.1). Providing genistein either per os or via i.m. injections increased circulating concentrations of genistein in female swine within 5 days of the onset of treatment. The genistein response to i.m. injections of genistein was similar in weaned and late-pregnant sows, even though endogenous concentrations of estradiol differed. This response was specific in that estradiol, IGF-I and isoflavones other than genistein were not affected by treatments.

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Genetics of Sexual Dimorphism in Humans

Kulathinal

2016

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Sexual dimorphism describes the suite of morphological, physiological and behavioural phenotypes that distinguishes males and females. In humans, the determination of sex is triggered early in embryogenesis by the presence or absence of a Y chromosome and its SRY locus, prompting a regulatory cascade of genetic, epigenetic and hormonal changes. A distinct male and female genetic state precipitates the development of sexually dimorphic characters including primary and secondary sexual traits. Recent genomic studies have also found sexually dimorphic differences in gene expression across surveyed adult tissues that may be modulated by sex‐specific cis‐regulatory elements, alternative splicing and differentially methylated sites. Such sexual dimorphisms at both phenotypic and molecular levels have important implications in disease onset, progression and treatment. New molecular, genomic and clinical data mining tools are providing novel insight into the emerging field of gender medicine with a focus to understand sex differences in disease. Sexually dimorphic characters, starting with our earliest eukaryotic ancestors, can evolve via sexual conflict with direct and indirect consequences on the patterning of the genomic landscape. Key Concepts Anisogamy evolved early in eukaryotic evolution from an isogamous ancestor. Human sex determination is based on the sex chromosome inherited from the father. The presence or absence of the Y‐linked SRY locus triggers a cascade of genetic and hormonal signals in the early fetus. Androgen and testosterone, among the initial hormones produced in the fetus, decide the sexual fate of the early gonads that eventually develop into primary reproductive organs found in the adult. Secondary sexual characteristics that develop during puberty distinguish males from females at the morphological level. Sex‐biased gene expression may be modulated by cis‐regulatory elements (CREs) and sex‐specific alternative splicing. Differences in the male and female epigenomes include distinct methylated patterns such as imprinting and result in differential gene expression. Sexual selection and sexual conflict may play a role in the origins and maintenance of sexually dimorphic traits. Sexual dimorphism at the genetic and cellular levels is becoming an important focus of disease research owing to the recent policy shifts in government funding to address gender health disparities.

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Early Exposure to Soy Isoflavones and Effects on Reproductive Health: A Review of Human and Animal Studies

Cited by 64 publications

References 50 publications

The effects of different extracts of Glycine max (L.) Merr. on primordial, primary and secondary follicles

The effects of different extracts of Glycine max (L.) Merr. on primordial, primary and secondary follicles

Effects of dose and route of administration of genistein on isoflavone concentrations in post-weaned and gestating sows

Genetics of Sexual Dimorphism in Humans

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