“…Such effects are seen in both males and females (Craft et al , 2005; Venna et al , 2012). The mechanism by which social interaction influences ischemic outcomes is complex and involves altered neuroendocrine (Ros-Simo & Valverde, 2012; Stuller et al , 2012; Liu et al , 2013), inflammatory (Karelina et al , 2009a; Karelina et al , 2009b; Venna et al , 2012), pro-survival growth factors (Berton et al , 2006; Zhu et al , 2006; O'Keefe et al , 2014; Venna et al , 2014), cell proliferation, neurogenesis (Stranahan et al , 2006; Kannangara et al , 2011; Venna et al , 2014) and synaptic plasticity (Fone & Porkess, 2008). In addition, social stress can also affect stroke outcome.…”