“…The authors of additional studies and literature reviews have made recommendations for teaching literacy skills to students with ESN. These include having students select letters, words, or pictures from an array (Johnston et al, 2018); using modeling, guided practice, verbal prompts, prompting hierarchy, opportunities for practice, error feedback, and time delay (Fallon et al, 2004; Fredrick et al, 2013); and incorporating essential reading elements (e.g., phonics, phonemic awareness, fluency, comprehension, vocabulary) in instruction (Allor et al, 2014).…”