Early Maladaptive Schemas: A Comparison Between Bipolar Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder

Nilsson, Kristine Kahr; Straarup, Krista Nielsen; Halvorsen, Marianne

doi:10.1002/cpp.1896

Cited by 18 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…17,24 Patients with bipolar disorder differ from patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) in terms of score in some EMS domains. 25 However, more studies are needed to determine the cognitive risk factors for chronic depression. 10,12 The five EMS domains are categorised through robust psychometric methods and represent focused and comprehensive enduring cognitive patterns.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Maladaptive Schemas, Depression Severity, and Risk Factors for Persistent Depressive Disorder: a Cross-sectional Study

Chen

Tam

Chang

2019

East Asian Arch Psychiatry

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Objective: To investigate associations of the five early maladaptive schemas (EMS) domains with depression severity by comparing patients with persistent depressive disorder (PDD), patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), and controls with no psychiatric disorders. Methods: Patients with PDD (n = 30), patients with MDD (n = 24), and controls with no psychiatric disorders (n = 30) were recruited. Participants were assessed using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview 5.0 version (MINI), the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition (BDI-II), and the Young Schema Questionnaire-3rd Edition Short Form (YSQ-S3). Results: The five EMS domains (YSQ-S3 score) significantly correlated with depression severity (BDI-II score), with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.583 to 0.788. After controlling for age, education, and sex, the two best predictors of depression severity were domains 'over-vigilance and inhibition' and 'disconnection and rejection'. For domains of disconnection and rejection, impaired autonomy and performance, and over-vigilance and inhibition, the total YSQ-S3 score was significantly higher in the PDD group than both the MDD and control groups. For the domain of impaired limits, the total YSQ-S3 score was significantly higher in both the PDD and MDD groups than the control group. Conclusion: All five EMS domains correlated significantly with depression severity. PDD and MDD differed in psychopathology. The EMS domains of disconnection and rejection, impaired autonomy and performance, and over-vigilance and inhibition may be specific risk factors for PDD.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Maladaptive Schemas, Depression Severity, and Risk Factors for Persistent Depressive Disorder: a Cross-sectional Study

Chen

Tam

Chang

2019

East Asian Arch Psychiatry

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“…Young et al (2003) have operationalized 18 different EMSs, which can be measured by the Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ) (Young, 2005). Previous research indicates that BD patients generally have more severe EMSs than control subjects and major depressive disorder patients (Hawke and Provencher, 2012a;Mehmet et al, 2011;Nilsson et al, 2015). In BD patients, higher EMS scores have furthermore been associated with functional impairments (Nilsson, 2012).…”

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confidence: 97%

Early Maladaptive Schemas in Bipolar Disorder Patients With and Without Suicide Attempts

Nilsson

2016

Journal of Nervous &Amp; Mental Disease

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Patients with bipolar disorder (BD) are at an increased risk of attempted and completed suicide. To elucidate the beliefs and assumptions associated with suicidality in BD, the present study compared BD patients with and without a history of suicide attempt in terms of early maladaptive schemas (EMSs). The sample consisted of 49 remitted BD patients who completed the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Version. Information on suicide attempts was obtained through interviews combined with medical records. Compared with BD patients without suicide attempts, the BD patients with suicide attempts scored significantly higher on 3 EMSs: social isolation, practical incompetence, and entitlement. The findings suggest that specific EMSs may be implicated in suicidal behaviors in BD. These results have implications for the assessment and treatment of suicidality in BD.

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“…These findings demonstrated greater specificity of several maladaptive schemas with respect to BD, that is, grandiosity , approval‐seeking and insufficient self‐control (e.g. Khosravani, Sharifi Bastan, Mohammadzadeh, Amirinezhad, & Samimi Ardestani, 2019; Nilsson, Nielsen Straarup, & Halvorsen, 2015; Özdin et al, 2018). Interestingly, one study (Hawke & Provencher, 2012) also suggested that individuals with BD were likely to endorse emotion inhibition and abandonment less strongly than a mixed group of unipolar depression and anxiety disorders.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Between‐group comparisons with other diagnostic groups suggested that some of these maladaptive schemas might be relatively specific to BD. For example, there were convergent findings that individuals with BD scored higher on grandiosity and approval‐seeking than individuals with unipolar depression (Hawke & Provencher, 2012; Nilsson, Nielsen Straarup, & Halvorsen, 2015; Özdin et al, 2018). In addition, grandiosity and insufficient self‐control were the only two schemas that were elevated in individuals with BD compared with people with obsessive–compulsive disorder and those with schizophrenia (Khosravani, Sharifi Bastan, Mohammadzadeh, Amirinezhad, & Samimi Ardestani, 2019).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A narrative review of cross‐sectional and prospective associations between self‐schemas and bipolar disorder

Yang

Fletcher

Murray

2021

Clin Psychology and Psychoth

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The role of self‐concept in bipolar disorder (BD) has not been well understood. The present review utilizes the notion of self‐schema and interrogates existing research concerning evidence for cross‐sectional and prospective associations between four schema‐like constructs (i.e. trait self‐esteem, dysfunctional beliefs concerning contingent self‐worth, early maladaptive schemas and implicit self‐esteem) and various facets of BD. Existing findings demonstrate various types of involvement of self‐schemas in BD. Of particular clinical relevance, the present review suggests that low trait self‐esteem and dysfunctional beliefs concerning contingent self‐worth are risk factors for ongoing BD symptoms and mood episodes. The present review also yields important yet unaddressed questions with respect to the evaluative content of self‐schemas associated with the hypo/manic phase of BD.

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Early Maladaptive Schemas: A Comparison Between Bipolar Disorder and Major Depressive Disorder

Cited by 18 publications

References 28 publications

Early Maladaptive Schemas, Depression Severity, and Risk Factors for Persistent Depressive Disorder: a Cross-sectional Study

Early Maladaptive Schemas, Depression Severity, and Risk Factors for Persistent Depressive Disorder: a Cross-sectional Study

Early Maladaptive Schemas in Bipolar Disorder Patients With and Without Suicide Attempts

A narrative review of cross‐sectional and prospective associations between self‐schemas and bipolar disorder

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