Early maladaptive schemas and harm avoidance as mediating factors between early life stress and psychiatric symptoms in adults

Costa, Ismael Ferreira da; Tomaz, Maria P; Pessoa, Giselle Do Nascimento; Miranda, Hortência de S; Galdino, Melyssa Kellyane Cavalcanti

doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0593

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…First, the literature shows a significant presence of early stress and childhood trauma in patients with FM (Gündüz, 2018; Kaleycheva et al, 2021; Karas et al, 2017; Romeo, Tesio, et al, 2022). Second, previous studies suggest that EMSs maintain stress responses that could facilitate the increase of allostatic overload (da Costa et al, 2020; Vasilopoulou et al, 2020). Third, recent research has found the presence of clinical EMSs in different psychiatric disorders, such as personality disorders (Kunst et al, 2020), anxiety and depression (Bishop et al, 2022), obsessive-compulsive disorder (Khosravani et al, 2021), post-traumatic stress disorder (Zaman et al, 2021), bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia (Khosravani et al, 2021).…”

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confidence: 99%

Early maladaptive schemas as a risk factor for fibromyalgia: A case-control study.

López-López¹,

Pacho²,

González³

et al. 2024

Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy

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Objective: There is evidence supporting the relationship between early stress and childhood trauma and the development of fibromyalgia (FM). Early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) are considered a consequence of early stress. Previous research has shown their role in maintaining stress responses and their relevance in other populations with pain. The main aim of this study has been to analyze the presence of EMSs in patients with FM compared to healthy adult women. In addition, the relationship between the strength of EMSs and pain intensity was tested. Method: The total sample consisted of 167 women: 83 patients with FM and 84 healthy controls. Results: Chi-square analyses showed that the percentage of participants with clinically significant scores is higher for patients with FM in 11 of the 18 EMSs evaluated. Moreover, discriminant analyses revealed that these EMS are useful to discriminate between FM and healthy controls, classifying 74.2% of original cases. In relation to the second aim, the mean pain intensity correlated with the strength of several EMSs: approval seeking, unrelenting standards, insufficient self-control, and mistrust/abuse. Conclusions: The current study highlights that a high rate of patients with FM have clinically significant EMSs compared to healthy matched controls, as has been found in other populations with pain. Besides, this study provides initial evidence that EMSs are positively associated with the pain experienced by patients with FM, suggesting the existence of a possible association between early stress and pain. Therefore, taking EMSs into account could be of great relevance to clinicians. Clinical Impact StatementEmotional-cognitive variables and early stress have a central role in fibromyalgia (FM). One of the consequences of childhood stress is the development of a strong system of maladaptive beliefs called early maladaptive schemas (EMSs). EMSs seem to be relevant in the development of several pain problems. This is the first study analyzing EMSs in patients with FM. The results showed that participants with FM have more clinically altered EMSs than healthy people, and these EMSs are associated to pain intensity. Taking EMSs into account could be of relevance to clinicians and Young's Schema Therapy could be useful in their management.

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confidence: 99%

Early maladaptive schemas as a risk factor for fibromyalgia: A case-control study.

López-López¹,

Pacho²,

González³

et al. 2024

Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy

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“…In recent years, J. Panksepp's theory has been linked [29] to, among others, P. Costa and T. McCrae's BIG FIVE theory [78], Cloninger's Temperament and Character Theory [79,80], and even A. Maslow's theory of needs [81]. In their meta-analysis, Marengo et al [82] found that high SEEKING relates to high Openness to Experience, high PLAY to high Extraversion, high CARE/low ANGER to high Agreeableness, and high FEAR/SADNESS/ANGER to high Neuroticism.…”

Section: Neural Emotional Systems and Early Maladaptive Schemas In De...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales and Early Maladaptive Schemas in Depressive Disorders

Talarowska

Wysiadecki

Chodkiewicz

2022

IJERPH

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Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the interrelationships of Young’s early maladaptive schemas with indicators of specific neural emotional systems conceptualized in Panksepp’s theory in a group of people suffering from depressive disorders. Materials and methods: The Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) v. 2.4. and J. Young’s Early Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-S3-PL) were used. Ninety (90) individuals aged 18–58, including 45 people treated for depression (DD group), were qualified to participate in the experiment. Results: The subjects in the DD group scored statistically significantly lower than the subjects from the control group (CG group) on the three ANPS scale domains, namely SEEKING, PLAY, and ANGER. The subjects with depressive symptoms scored significantly higher in the YSQ-S3-PL questionnaire on two domains of early maladaptive schemas, i.e., “Impaired autonomy and performance” and “Other-directedness”. Regression analysis results indicate that impairment of the emotional SEEKING system explains most of the variability in the following typical domains of depression: “Disconnection and rejection”, “Impaired autonomy and performance”, and “Other-directedness”. For score variability in the domain area of “Impaired limits”, the ANGER system was found to be most significant, and the FEAR system proved the same for “Overvigilance and Inhibition”. Conclusions: 1. Two domains of early maladaptive schemas are significant for the onset of depressive symptoms, namely “Impaired autonomy and performance” and “Other-directedness”, linked to difficulties in engaging in behaviors to meet one’s own needs. 2. Impairment of the neural emotional SEEKING system most significantly explains the variability in depression-typical areas of early maladaptive schemas.

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“…Early negative experiences in the context of attachment bonds are often associated with long-lasting changes in emotional and cognitive processing (i.e., expectancies and beliefs about the self, others and the world) [35]. As a consequence, during childhood or adolescence, maladaptive cognitive and emotional patterns known as Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMSs) develop as a result of these early adverse events [36,37]. EMSs develop as representations of the early child's environment; they in uence the elaboration of later experiences and persist throughout life, directing actions and social interactions with other people [38], as well as shaping personality development [39].…”

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confidence: 99%

Early Maladaptive Schemas Mediate the Relationship between Severe Childhood Trauma and Eating Disorder Symptoms

Fasolato,

De Felice,

Barbui

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Background: Childhood trauma history has frequently been linked to eating disorders (EDs); nevertheless, the scientific literature calls for extending knowledge regarding mediators between EDs and childhood trauma. This study explored whether ED symptoms and early maladaptive schemas were more severe in ED patients with severe childhood trauma than inED patients with no/mild childhood trauma and whether early maladaptive schemas mediated the relationship between childhood trauma and ED symptom severity. Methods: Data were extracted from the Regional Centre for Eating Disorders registry at the University Hospital of Verona. The extracted data includedself-reported data, including the Eating Disorder Inventory-3 score, Young Schema Questionnaire score, Childhood Experience and Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire score, and sociodemographic and clinical information on the ED outpatients seeking care. Results: Forty-twooutpatients, 30.9% of whom exhibited severe childhood trauma, satisfied the criteria for registry data extraction. The severity of ED symptoms, as well as the early maladaptive schemas’ scores for emotional deprivation, defectiveness, failure, vulnerability, insufficient self-control, and negativity, were greaterin ED outpatients with severe childhood trauma. Furthermore, early maladaptive schemas related to defectiveness, failure, and negativity had a mediatingrole in the relationship between severe childhood trauma and ED symptom severity. Conclusions: These findings highlightthe importance of early maladaptive schemas in the relationship between trauma history and ED psychopathology. In addition, ED symptoms may represent a dysfunctional attempt to avoid unpleasant emotions associated with schema activation. The results support the need to consider early maladaptive schemas in the treatment of traumatized patients with ED symptoms. Research and clinical implications are discussed.

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Early maladaptive schemas and harm avoidance as mediating factors between early life stress and psychiatric symptoms in adults

Cited by 9 publications

References 35 publications

Early maladaptive schemas as a risk factor for fibromyalgia: A case-control study.

Early maladaptive schemas as a risk factor for fibromyalgia: A case-control study.

Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales and Early Maladaptive Schemas in Depressive Disorders

Early Maladaptive Schemas Mediate the Relationship between Severe Childhood Trauma and Eating Disorder Symptoms

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