Early maladaptive schemas, temperament and character traits in clinically depressed and previously depressed subjects

Abstract

*Early maladaptive schemas, high harm [correction made here after initial online publication] avoidance and low self-directedness may be a part of vulnerability to depression. *The finding of these personality characteristics in subjects recovered from depression indicates malfunctioning to some degree. *Addressing such characteristics in therapy should be considered in order to prevent and treat depression from its relapsing and recurring course.

Prediction of Depression through Early Maladaptive Schemas

“…Theorists believe that EMSs will be active in long-term and have relationship with cognitive chronic damages or will be active with negative events that confirm the individual beliefs and caused to psychological damage. The result of first hypothesis showed a significant correlation between EMSs and depression which in line with results of Smith (20), Kalvit et al [23], Harris and Kortin [24], Young and Brown [25], Petrosily et al [27], Halorsen et al [28], Coleman, Gordon,and Mokfi [30], Reiner et al [32], Asfarjani et al [44], emmos [34], Hankin, Abramson, Miller, and Hayfel ] 45 .These correlations for various schemas are at an intermediate levels. This finding is similar with Abla et al [46] and Eberhart et al [47].…”

“…A significant difference were not seen between men and women [36]. Results of studies in cut-off points of questionnaire have supported non-depressed (0 to 12), boredom (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19), and depress individuals . The second edition of BDI has more consistency with the DSM-IV.…”

“…EMSs are persistent during the time with persons who confirm the same schemas, especially those belong to the rejection cut, and don't be destroyed (1,17,18). EMSs also have correlation with depression period, history of period depression, and dangerous factors for depression, include prevention and poor selfdirected (19). Also, EMSs have relationship with dysfunctional attitudes, overall negative affection, and poor esteem (1,20,21).…”

“…In another clinical case with depression symptoms, Petrocelli et al revealed that schemas of abandonment / instability, defectiveness / shame, failure to achieve, compliance, and vulnerability to injury have a cross-sectional relationship with depression severity (27). Halvorsen et al showed that in areas of undesirability, autonomy, and disturbed function schemas of depressed patient's the hampered restrictions have a cross-sectional relation with depression severity (28). Also, Shah and Waller study stated that in nonhospitalized depressed patients EMSs of defectiveness / shame, self-sacrifice, and inadequate self-sufficiency have association with the severity of depression symptoms (29).…”

Absorbed in the task: Personality measures predict engagement during task performance as tracked by error negativity and asymmetrical frontal activity

“…This suggests the possibility that RFA during a flanker task may provide a new paradigm for studying asymmetrical brain systems that increased and decreased ERN amplitudes are associated with the internalizing and externalizing dimensions of psychopathology, respectively (Olvet & Hajcak, 2008). The present results may explain these associations, since constraint, absorption, and persistence have been reported to be increased in internalizing disorders (e.g., Elovainio et al, 2004;Halvorsen et al, 2009;Marchesi, Ampollini, DePanfilis, & Maggini, 2008) and decreased in externalizing disorders (e.g., Carlson, Booth, Shin, & Canu, 2002;Cukrowicz, Taylor, Schatschneider, & Iacono, 2006;Roberts, Jackson, Burger, & Trautwein, 2009). For instance, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder has been defined as extreme constraint or conscientiousness, and both the disorder and constraint are associated with high perfectionism and fear of uncertainty (Samuel & Widiger, 2010).…”