Early occurrence of temperate oak-dominated forest in the northern part of the Little Hungarian Plain, SW Slovakia

Abstract

Using a multi-proxy analysis of a postglacial sedimentary sequence from a lowland wetland, we address the possible drivers of change in the wetland habitats and surrounding landscapes of southwestern Slovakia. A 5 m-deep core in the Parížske močiare marshes was investigated for pollen, plant macro-remains, molluscs, organic content and magnetic susceptibility. The palaeoecological record extends from the Pleistocene-Holocene transition (≥11,200 cal. BP) to the 5th millennium cal. BP and was correlated with a macrophysical climate model (MCM) and archaeological data. Our results show the transformation of an open parkland landscape with patches of coniferous forest to a temperate deciduous forest at the onset of the Holocene. The record is remarkable for an early occurrence of Quercus pollen and macro-remains around 11,200 cal. BP and its early expansion (10,390 cal. BP) in the vegetation. Such an early spread of Quercus has not previously been recorded in the region, where Corylus is usually the first to expand among temperate trees. This unusual development of forest communities was most probably triggered by a short-lived increase in precipitation and decrease in temperature, as reconstructed by the MCM model. Higher moisture availability and low temperature inhibited Corylus and favoured the spread of Quercus. Later, the climate became drier and warmer, which, together with fires, supported the expansion of Corylus. Since 7300 cal. BP, human activities became most likely the dominant influence on the landscape. Deforestation contributed to soil erosion, which halted the accumulation of organic material after 5520 cal. BP, followed by the accumulation of clay sediments.

Pollen‐inferred millennial changes in landscape patterns at a major biogeographical interface within Europe

“…This gradient largely swamped the elevational south‐to‐north gradient on the second axis as indicated by the explained variations (Figure b) and by the high stability of bootstraped gradients (Figure c). While in the central parts of the Pannonian lowlands, Holocene vegetation openness was largest at the onset of the Holocene (Magyari et al., ), other regions of our study area supported well‐developed deciduous forests (Hájek et al., ; Jamrichová, Potůčková, et al., ). We concur with Kuneš et al.…”

Early and middle Holocene ecosystem changes at the Western Carpathian/Pannonian border driven by climate and Neolithic impact

“…), making this study the second oldest macrofossil record of oak in the Danubian Lowland (see Jamrichová et al . ). Despite the local presence of temperate trees, the occurrence of steppe and open country snail species (Mo‐1, Fig.…”

“…Despite this fact, broadleaf trees had reached the Danubian Lowland after the Last Glaciation strikingly early (Jamrichová et al . ), which indicates the existence of nearby glacial refugia of temperate biota (Willis et al . ; Tzedakis et al .…”

“…Palaeoecological evidence from the northwestern region of the Pannonian Basin confirmed that temperate trees started to spread here immediately at the beginning of the Holocene (Jamrichová et al . ). However, new investigations from this region indicate that the lowland landscapes remained semi‐open as a result of drier climatic conditions, and/or due to the soil substrate during the Holocene until the beginning of the Neolithic (Hájková et al .…”

“…In Slovakia, climate reconstructions based on different proxy data are available (Jamrichová et al . ; Hájková et al . ).…”