Early screening of chronic kidney disease patients among the asymptomatic adult population in Bangladesh

Abstract

Introduction: Early identification of chronic kidney disease (CKD) provides valuable opportunities for effective interventions that reduce the risk of outcomes, particularly renal failure. Objectives: This study aimed to screen the Bangladeshi asymptomatic adult population for CKD to identify potential risk factors for its development. Patients and Methods: The screening program was carried out among the 400 subjects in the Thakurgaon district of Bangladesh to identify people with the risk of CKD. All the subjects were asymptomatic and previously been never diagnosed with kidney diseases. Demographic data were collected by a structured questionnaire. Urinary protein was tested by dipstick method, and serum creatinine was measured by an auto-analyzer. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated by using standard formula. CKD was diagnosed and classified according to the National Kidney Foundation (NKF) Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI) guidelines. Results: A total of 18.2% respondents were found to have likely CKD to whom 82% were in stage 1 and 18% were in stage 2. The majority of the likely CKD respondents (30.1%) were in age >60 years. The prevalence of proteinuria was significantly (P=0.0001) higher among previously documented CKD patients compared to the control group. Logistic analysis revealed that after adjustments, CKD showed a significant association with diabetes mellitus (ORs: 7.46, P=0.00), smoking (ORs: 2.36, P=0.02), obesity (ORs: 3.98, P=0.00) and hypertension (ORs: 1.16, P=0.66) compared to control. Conclusion: A substantial number of adults were found to be unaware of the existence of CKD hence, large-scale prevention programs should be undertaken to reduce the classical risk factors of these disorders.

Chronic kidney disease prevalence in asymptomatic patients with risk factors—usefulness of serum cystatin C: a cross-sectional study

“…However, prevalence increased to 27.4% when the age-matched population was considered. 22 Li et al, in a study with 1811 patients, obtained similar results, showing CKD prevalence of 24% in adult population apparently healthy. 23 Overweight was the most prevalent risk factor assessed in our population (64.6%).…”

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“…3 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA. 4 Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran. 5 Department of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran.…”

“…The prevalence of ESRD (End Stage Renal Disease) is currently increasing as a global health problem in both developed and developing countries [1][2][3]. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a disease associated with irreversible kidney damage that can progress to ESRD (end-stage renal disease) [4][5][6][7][8]. ESRD is a destructive disorder that is associated with extreme mortality and cardiovascular complications, and certain problems such as developmental and psychosocial disorders occur in children, all of which severely affect quality of life [9,10].…”

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“…Experts have projected that the trend will continue due to the increasing incidence of diabetes and hypertension among the population [1]. CKD is a non-communicable disease that encompasses a variety of physiological problems linked to poor renal function and a persistent decline in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) [2][3]. This may span from modest renal dysfunction to total kidney failure [4].…”