Earthquake losses due to ground failure

Bird, Juliet; Bommer, Julian J.

doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2004.05.006

Cited by 250 publications

(135 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Indeed, Bird and Bommer (2004) reported a small contribution of secondary events to the total losses (except for megaearthquakes, such as Indonesia 2004 and Japan 2011, which were not in the present study).…”

Section: Methodscontrasting

confidence: 68%

Economic and Human Loss Empirical Models for Earthquakes in the Mediterranean Region, with Particular Focus on Algeria

Guettiche

Guéguen

Mimoune

2017

Int J Disaster Risk Sci

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In this study, loss estimation models were developed for reasonably accurate assessment of economic and human losses from seismic events in the Mediterranean region, based on damage assessment at an urban scale. Data were compiled from existing worldwide databases, and completed with earthquake information from regional studies. Economic data were converted to a single common currency unit (2015 USD value) and the wealth of the areas affected by 65 earthquakes of the region from 1900 to 2015 was assessed. Reduced-form models were used to determine economic and human losses, with earthquake magnitude and intensity as hazard-related variables, and gross domestic product of the affected area and the affected population as exposure-related variables. Damage to buildings was also used as a hazard-related variable to predict economic and human losses. Finally, site-specific regression models were proposed for economic and human losses due to earthquakes in the Mediterranean region, and more specifically, in Algeria. We show that by introducing the damage variable into the models, prediction error can be reduced, and that accuracy of loss model estimation is site dependent and requires regional data on earthquake losses to improve. A case study for Constantine, Algeria shows the improvements needed for increased accuracy.

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Section: Methodscontrasting

confidence: 68%

Economic and Human Loss Empirical Models for Earthquakes in the Mediterranean Region, with Particular Focus on Algeria

Guettiche

Guéguen

Mimoune

2017

Int J Disaster Risk Sci

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“…12 differs significantly from Bird and Bommer (2004) and is closer to Marano et al (2010). As demonstrated by Bird and Bommer (2004) 1905 1910 1915 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 found that only 75 % of these social losses and approx. 85 % of the economic losses were due to shaking; however, a much lower amount is due to building collapse.…”

Section: The Secondary Effects Of Earthquakesmentioning

confidence: 95%

The CATDAT damaging earthquakes database

Daniell

Khazai

Wenzel

et al. 2011

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

132

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“…Landsliding is a significant secondary earthquake hazard that can account for up to 25 % of earthquake fatalities in mountainous regions (Yin et al, 2009;Budimir et al, 2014). In addition, the collateral damage and disruption caused by landslides substantially inhibit short-and medium-term relief efforts by blocking or destroying transport corridors and communications (Bird and Bommer, 2004;Pellicani et al, 2014;Robinson et al, 2015).…”

Section: Mapping Landslides After Earthquakesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the collateral damage and disruption caused by landslides substantially inhibit short-and medium-term relief efforts by blocking or destroying transport corridors and communications (Bird and Bommer, 2004;Pellicani et al, 2014;Robinson et al, 2015). The assessment of landslide extent and impacts, beyond direct observations on the ground (Collins and Jibson, 2015;Tiwari et al, 2017), relies on the following three approaches: (1) empirical modeling, which uses a combination of pre-earthquake topographic data and information on ground motion and shaking intensity; (2) manual landslide mapping; and (3) automated landslide mapping.…”

Section: Mapping Landslides After Earthquakesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Satellite-based emergency mapping using optical imagery: experience and reflections from the 2015 Nepal earthquakes

Williams

Rosser

Kincey

et al. 2018

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. Landslides triggered by large earthquakes in mountainous regions contribute significantly to overall earthquake losses and pose a major secondary hazard that can persist for months or years. While scientific investigations of coseismic landsliding are increasingly common, there is no protocol for rapid (hours-to-days) humanitarian-facing landslide assessment and no published recognition of what is possible and what is useful to compile immediately after the event. Drawing on the 2015 M w 7.8 Gorkha earthquake in Nepal, we consider how quickly a landslide assessment based upon manual satellite-based emergency mapping (SEM) can be realistically achieved and review the decisions taken by analysts to ascertain the timeliness and type of useful information that can be generated. We find that, at present, many forms of landslide assessment are too slow to generate relative to the speed of a humanitarian response, despite increasingly rapid access to high-quality imagery. Importantly, the value of information on landslides evolves rapidly as a disaster response develops, so identifying the purpose, timescales, and end users of a post-earthquake landslide assessment is essential to inform the approach taken. It is clear that discussions are needed on the form and timing of landslide assessments, and how best to present and share this information, before rather than after an earthquake strikes. In this paper, we share the lessons learned from the Gorkha earthquake, with the aim of informing the approach taken by scientists to understand the evolving landslide hazard in future events and the expectations of the humanitarian community involved in disaster response.

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Earthquake losses due to ground failure

Cited by 250 publications

References 35 publications

Economic and Human Loss Empirical Models for Earthquakes in the Mediterranean Region, with Particular Focus on Algeria

Economic and Human Loss Empirical Models for Earthquakes in the Mediterranean Region, with Particular Focus on Algeria

The CATDAT damaging earthquakes database

Satellite-based emergency mapping using optical imagery: experience and reflections from the 2015 Nepal earthquakes

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