Eating and ruminating activities of cattle fed alfalfa or orchard-grass harvested at two stages of maturity

Beauchemin, K. A.; Iwaasa, A. D.

doi:10.4141/cjas93-007

Cited by 20 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The value mean for the number of ruminated bolus per day was 324. Likewise, Beauchemin and Iwaasa (1993) observed from 350 to 397 ruminated bolus per day in Hereford heifers reared in pasture; which is close to the number found in this study.…”

Section: Diets Effectssupporting

confidence: 76%

Glycerin and cashew and castor oils in the diets for bulls in finished in feed lot: ingestive behavior

et al. 2014

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This study was carried out to evaluate partial replacing of corn (15% of total diet DM) and cashew and castor oils addition on ingestive behavior of Nellore bulls in feedlot. Thirty bulls of 24 ± 2 months old and 400 ± 34 kg body weight were used. The bulls were distributed in a completely randomized design (10 bulls per treatment) and housed in collective pens. The experimental diets were: Control -CON; Glycerine -GLY and Glycerine + Functional oils. The observation scales did not influence time spent eating, ruminating or resting, as well as, the total number of chewing; however the number of periods and the time period for such activities differed among the scales time. There was no difference for the number of observations turns and number of observations per turn for analyzed variables. Glycerine inclusion in the diets caused a decrease on ruminating time and an increase in resting time. The numbers for both eating and resting periods, and time per resting period differed among diets, however, the number for ruminating period, eating time and rumination period were similar among diets. Both glycerine and functional oils inclusion in the diets increased the number of ruminated bolus per day, number of chewed per day and total chewing time for cattle. Key words: Additives, biodiesel, co-product, ethology, plant extracts, ruminant ResumoEste estudo foi realizado para avaliar a substituição parcial do milho (15% da MS total da dieta) e adição de óleos de caju e mamona sobre o comportamento ingestivo de Nelore machos, confinados. Trinta bovinos de 24 ± 2 meses de idade e 400 ± 34 kg de peso corporal foram usados. Os animais foram distribuídos em um modelo estatístico inteiramente casualizado (10 animais por tratamento) e estabulados em baias coletivas. As dietas experimentais foram: Controle -CON; Glicerina -GLI e GOF -Glicerina + óleos funcionais. As escalas de observações não influenciaram o tempo de ingestão, ruminação e ócio, assim como o número total de mastigação; entretanto, o número de período e o tempo de período de cada atividade diferiram entre os tempos de escalas. Não houve diferença para os turnos

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Section: Diets Effectssupporting

confidence: 76%

Glycerin and cashew and castor oils in the diets for bulls in finished in feed lot: ingestive behavior

et al. 2014

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“…In this study, the rumination time reflected the intake of structural fibre in the diet as found by Beauchemin and Iwaasa (1993) in an experiment with alfalfa hay fed to heifers. The daily ruminating time tended to correlate with the duration of the ruminating periods indicating that increased rumination is obtained by longer periods and not by more periods as observed by Beauchemin and Iwaasa (1993). Beauchemin and Iwaasa (1993) also found an effect by harvest time of alfalfa hay on ruminating time in min/kg DMI but not in min/kg NDFI and number of JM/kg NDFI as seen in this experiment.…”

Section: Silagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the feed intake was higher at that treatment. Beauchemin and Iwaasa (1993) examined alfalfa hay at two maturity stages fed to heifers with no supplement of concentrate. In congruence with the present experiment, the NDFI was 0.54% and 0.68% of BW for early and late alfalfa hay, respectively.…”

Section: Silagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effects of maturity stage on the chewing time and the particle size distribution in digesta of grass silage have been well studied by Beauchemin and Iwaasa (1993) and De Boever et al (1993), but studies focusing on the maturity effects of red and white clover silages are limited. Fibre from different botanical forage origin subjected to different processing and particle size distribution differ considerably in their effectiveness in stimulating chewing activity, rumen fermentation and ruminal retention time (Owens et al, 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of harvest time of red and white clover silage on chewing activity and particle size distribution in boli, rumen content and faeces in cows

Kornfelt

Nørgaard

Weisbjerg

2013

Animal

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The study examined the effects of harvest time of red and white clover silage on eating and ruminating activity and particle size distribution in feed boli, rumen content and faeces in cows. The clover crops were harvested at two stages of growth and ensiled in bales. Red clover crops had 36% and 45% NDF in dry matter (DM) at early (ER) and late (LR) harvest, respectively, and the white clover crops had 19% and 29% NDF in DM at the early (EW) and late (LW) harvest, respectively. The silages were fed restrictively (80% of ad libitum intake) twice daily to four rumen cannulated non-lactating Jersey cows (588 6 52 kg) in a 4 3 4 Latin square design. Jaw movements (JM) were recorded for 96 h continuously. Swallowed boli, rumen mat, rumen fluid and faeces samples were collected, washed in nylon bags (0.01 mm pore size) and freeze-dried before dry sieving through 4.750, 2.360, 1.000, 0.500, 0.212 and 0.106 mm into seven fractions. The length (PL) and width (PW) values of rumen and faeces particles within each fraction were measured by use of image analysis. The eating activity (min/kg DM intake; P , 0.05) was higher in LR compared with the other treatments. The eating activity (min/kg NDF intake; P , 0.05) was affected by clover type with highest values for white clover silage. The mean ruminating time (min/kg DM), daily ruminating cycles (P , 0.001) and JM during ruminating (P , 0.05) were affected by treatment with increasing values at later harvest time. The proportion of washed particle DM of total DM in boli (P , 0.001), rumen mat (P , 0.001), rumen fluid (P , 0.01) and faeces was (P , 0.001) highest by feeding LR. There were identified two peaks (modes 1 and 2) on the probability density distribution (PDF) of PW values of rumen mat and faeces, but only one peak (mode 1) for PL values. There was no difference in the mean and mode 1 PW and PL value in rumen mat between the four treatments. The mean PL, mode PL, mode 2 PW and mean PW in faeces were highest for LR (P , 0.05). The mean particle size in boli measured by sieving was higher at white clover compared with red clover treatments (P , 0.001) and the highest value in faeces was found in LR (P , 0.01). The two peaks on PDF for width values of rumen mat and faeces particles are most likely related to the leaves and the stems/petioles. In conclusion, the mean total chewing activity per kg DM was lowest for the white clover silage and increased for both silages due to later harvest time. The mean particle size in boli was smallest for LR, whereas the mean PL and PW in faeces were highest for the LR.Keywords: legumes, cow, particle size, maturity, mastication ImplicationsThe lignification of structural fibre in white and red clover silage increases because of delayed harvest without affecting the mean ruminating and total chewing time per kg NDF. The distribution of particle length and width values in rumen contents and faeces reflects the indigestible NDF/NDF ratios in the different legume crops, whereas the 95% percentile length value in faeces did not differ be...

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“…the quantity of grass per bolus. Animals which are fed hay decrease the quantity per bolus with increasing forage maturity [3].…”

Section: The Effect Of the Stage Of Maturitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of stage of maturity and chop length on the release of cell contents of fresh ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) during ingestive mastication in steers fed indoors

Boudon

Mayne²,

Peyraud

et al. 2002

Anim. Res.

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-The objective of the trial was to analyse the effects of the mechanical resistance of cell walls and chewing behaviour on the proportion of intracellular constituents (ICs) released during the ingestive mastication of fresh perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) by steers. The mechanical resistance of cell walls was varied by the stage of maturity (15 vs. 30 days of regrowth). Herbage was offered at two chop lengths (long and short) for each stage of maturity, to influence chewing behaviour. Four steers, each fitted with a large ruminal cannula, were fed indoors with the ryegrass in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Ingested boli were collected at the cardia and their IC contents were compared with the IC contents of the grass. The average shear energy was lower with the young grass because of a lower proportion of stems and pseudostems. The eating time per unit of dry matter intake was unaffected by the stage of maturity, but was slightly lower with the short herbages. The nature of the ICs had a strong effect on their release with the larger molecules, or the molecules contained in the chloroplasts, being less rapidly released. The ICs released (as a proportion of intake) ranged from 0.166 for the chlorophyll to 0.612 for the nitrates. The treatments had no effect on the rate of release of the small vacuolar or cytoplasmic ICs. The intracellular nitrogenous fractions, partly in the chloroplast, were released faster in the mature grass, because the animals had to masticate more intensively to obtain a 'swallowable'bolus due to it having a higher shear energy. The release of ICs did not seem to be dependent on the duration of chewing but rather on other parameters of mastication like the force exerted by the jaws, the surface-area of the molars, or the quantity of grass eaten per bolus. Résumé -Effet du stade de maturité et de la longueur des brins sur la libération des contenus cellulaires du ray-grass anglais frais (Lolium perenne L.) au cours de la mastication d'ingestion sur des bouvillons nourris à l'auge. L'objectif de cet essai était d'analyser les effets spécifiques de la résistance mécanique des parois et du comportement masticatoire des animaux sur les proportions de constituants intracellulaires (ICs) libérées lors de la mastication d'ingestion chez des bouvillons nourris avec du ray-grass anglais frais (Lolium perenne L.). La résistance mécanique des parois a été modulée par le stade de maturité (15 vs. 30 jours de repousse). Pour chaque stade, le comportement masticatoire a été modulé en offrant l'herbe à deux longueurs de brins (long vs. court). Quatre bouvillons, munis d'une large canule ruminale ont été nourris à l'auge en carré latin 4 × 4. Des bols d'ingestion ont été collectés directement au cardia et leurs teneurs en ICs ont été comparées avec celles de l'herbe offerte. La résistance mécanique de l'offert a été mesurée comme la moyenne des quantités d'énergie nécessaires pour couper chaque type d'organe végétal, pondérée par les proportions pondé-rales de chacun des organes dans l'offert...

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Eating and ruminating activities of cattle fed alfalfa or orchard-grass harvested at two stages of maturity

Cited by 20 publications

References 15 publications

Glycerin and cashew and castor oils in the diets for bulls in finished in feed lot: ingestive behavior

Glycerin and cashew and castor oils in the diets for bulls in finished in feed lot: ingestive behavior

Effect of harvest time of red and white clover silage on chewing activity and particle size distribution in boli, rumen content and faeces in cows

Effects of stage of maturity and chop length on the release of cell contents of fresh ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) during ingestive mastication in steers fed indoors

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