Eating disorders in males : a review

Freeman, Amanda Caroline

doi:10.4314/ajpsy.v8i2.30185

Cited by 13 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Furthermore, there was a very low percentage of homosexual or bisexual men in this sample (3.2%). Since homosexuality is discussed as a risk factor for eating disorders in men (Russell and Keel, 2002; Freeman, 2005), it would be interesting to investigate its relation to drive for muscularity further.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological, Psychological, and Sociocultural Factors Contributing to the Drive for Muscularity in Weight-Training Men

et al. 2016

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The drive for muscularity and associated behaviors (e.g., exercising and dieting) are of growing importance for men in Western societies. In its extreme form, it can lead to body image concerns and harmful behaviors like over-exercising and the misuse of performance-enhancing substances. Therefore, investigating factors associated with the drive for muscularity, especially in vulnerable populations like bodybuilders and weight trainers can help identify potential risk and protective factors for body image problems. Using a biopsychosocial framework, the aim of the current study was to explore different factors associated with drive for muscularity in weight-training men. To this purpose, German-speaking male weight trainers (N = 248) completed an online survey to determine the extent to which biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors contribute to drive for muscularity and its related attitudes and behaviors. Using multiple regression models, findings showed that media ideal body internalization was the strongest positive predictor for drive for muscularity, while age (M = 25.9, SD = 7.4) held the strongest negative association with drive for muscularity. Dissatisfaction with muscularity, but not with body fat, was related to drive for muscularity. The fat-free mass index, a quantification of the actual degree of muscularity of a person, significantly predicted drive for muscularity-related behavior but not attitudes. Body-related aspects of self-esteem, but not global self-esteem, were significant negative predictors of drive for muscularity. Since internalization of media body ideals presented the highest predictive value for drive for muscularity, these findings suggest that media body ideal internalizations may be a risk factor for body image concerns in men, leading, in its most extreme form to disordered eating or muscle dysmorphia. Future research should investigate the relations between drive for muscularity, age, body composition, internalization, dissatisfaction with muscularity and body-related self-esteem using longitudinal study designs. Limitations concern the cross-sectional design of the study, self-reported body composition measures and the homogeneity of the sample.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological, Psychological, and Sociocultural Factors Contributing to the Drive for Muscularity in Weight-Training Men

et al. 2016

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“…Such design could determine whether the co-occurrence of psychiatric symptoms, earlier reported among body-builders using steroids [42] and in eating disorders [12], are an effect of body dissatisfaction with conflicts between internalization of cultural norms or if these symptoms are consequences of living with an ED or having a history of AAS use.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Body dissatisfaction has been reported as a risk factor, and one of the strongest predictors for onset of an eating disorder (ED) [8-10] and is also associated with low self-esteem and depression [8,11]. Dissatisfaction with the body seems to be the common and prominent denominator, not only between the sexes, but also between males with ED [12] and males using anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) [13]. Both ED and the use of AAS may seriously affect physical health and the psychological and social wellbeing of those who suffer from those problems [14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Earlier research studies on ED often excluded males and our knowledge about males with eating disorders is therefore still sparse [12,20]. However, research has begun focusing on males with ED and similarities between genders have been found, such as multi-factorial causes of ED, the core symptoms of ED, and suggestions that the course of illness, treatment response and long-term prognoses are comparable, which means that ED among males are also associated with an increased risk of mortality [21-24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Males often use exercise as a compensatory method, while females vomit to control their body weight. Males are also more likely to binge eat than females [12,30-32]. Stanford and Lemberg [27] conclude that ED symptoms in males especially differ from females with ED in the construct of body dissatisfaction and the compensatory behavior associated with bulimia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eating disorders and anabolic androgenic steroids in males - similarities and differences in self-image and psychiatric symptoms

Björk

Skårberg

Engström

2013

Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy

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BackgroundBody dissatisfaction is common among both females and males. Dissatisfaction with the body is a risk factor both for onset of eating disorders and for abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS). Few studies have however investigated if there are other similarities in respect to self-image or psychiatric symptoms between clinical samples of eating disordered males and males in treatment for negative effects of AAS use.AimThe aim of this study was to compare two clinical samples, one of males with ED and one of males who used AAS, regarding self-image and psychiatric symptoms.MethodsThis study compared males with eating disorders (n = 13) and males who recently stopped AAS use (n = 29) on self-image and psychiatric symptoms, using The Structural Analysis of Social Behavior self-questionnaire and a shortened version of The Symptom Check List.ResultsThe eating disorder group reported significantly lower scores for Self-emancipation and Active self-love and higher scores for Self-blame and Self-hate. Both groups reported serious psychiatric symptoms. The common denominator between groups was serious psychiatric symptomatology rather than negative self-image.ConclusionsThe negative self-image profile, especially self-hate, found among males with Eating Disorders may indicate that the studied groups differ in aetiology of the underlying problems. The serious psychiatric symptoms in both groups call staff to pay attention to any thoughts of suicide due to severe depressive symptoms where by specialized psychiatric treatment may be needed.

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L’anorexie mentale chez les adolescents et les jeunes adultes de sexe masculin : recension des écrits

Corbeil-Serre

Meilleur

Turgeon

2014

Neuropsychiatrie de l'Enfance et de l'Adolescence

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Faculté des arts et des sciences Essai doctoral présenté à la Faculté des arts et des sciences en vue de l'obtention du grade de Doctorat en Psychologie option D.Psy Août, 2012 © Laurence Corbeil-Serre, 2012 i Résumé L'anorexie mentale a été la cible de beaucoup d'efforts en recherche. Ces derniers ont cependant été principalement concentrés sur l'étude de femmes. Les écrits sur les garçons atteints d'anorexie mentale étant actuellement émergents, la présente recension des écrits propose une mise en commun des connaissances concernant cette population pouvant être dégagées des recherches publiées entre 1994 et 2011. Les variables spécifiquement ciblées sont la présentation clinique, les conditions préalables au trouble, les caractéristiques de la personnalité, l'orientation et l'activité sexuelles, l'identité de genre, les troubles comorbides et le pronostic. La mise en commun et les comparaisons des résultats des 24 études constituant la recension nous permettent d'appuyer des constats émis par des recherches antérieures et de dégager certaines tendances, dont celle qu'il semble exister des similarités entre la symptomatologie comportementale des garçons et des filles. La recension permet de dégager certains aspects où des recherches supplémentaires sont nécessaires et de souligner la pluralité et l'hétérogénéité des méthodes de recherche.

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Eating disorders in males : a review

Cited by 13 publications

References 16 publications

Biological, Psychological, and Sociocultural Factors Contributing to the Drive for Muscularity in Weight-Training Men

Biological, Psychological, and Sociocultural Factors Contributing to the Drive for Muscularity in Weight-Training Men

Eating disorders and anabolic androgenic steroids in males - similarities and differences in self-image and psychiatric symptoms

L’anorexie mentale chez les adolescents et les jeunes adultes de sexe masculin : recension des écrits

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