Eating fast leads to insulin resistance: Findings in middle-aged Japanese men and women

Otsuka, Rei; Koji, Takehiko; Yatsuya, Hiroshi; Wada, Keiko; Matsushita, Kunihiro; Ouyang, Pei; Hotta, Yo; Takefuji, Seiko; Mitsuhashi, Hirotsugu; Sugiura, Kaichiro; Sasaki, Satoshi; Kral, John G.; Toyoshima, Hideaki

doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.07.031

Cited by 128 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Fast eating may cause overeating before the stomach senses fullness due to a lack of satiety in the hypothalamic system [30]. However, in our study and a previous study that evaluated eating speed and total energy intake [18,22], a linear trend between eating speed and total energy intake was not observed although eating speed was linearly associated with BMI. A previous study indicated that relative under-reporting of energy intake increased with increasing BMI [31,32], which may have affected our results.…”

Section: Introductioncontrasting

confidence: 80%

Self-reported speed of eating and 7-year risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged Japanese men

et al. 2012

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Short page-heading: Speed of eating and incidence of diabetes Text, 2,551 words, Abstract 249 words; number of References, 33; number of Tables, 3. Conflict-of-interest disclosure: None. AbstractObjective: This cohort study investigated the association between eating speed and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged Japanese men. Materials/Methods: Participants were 2,050 male employees of a metal products factory in Japan. We measured self-reported categorical eating speed. The incidence of diabetes was determined in annual medical examinations over a 7-year period. The association between eating speed and the incidence of diabetes adjusted for multiple variables (age, family history of diabetes, smoking, alcohol drinking, habitual exercise, and presence of hypertension and hyperlipidemia) was evaluated using Cox proportional hazards models. Results:The prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m 2 ) across the categories of eating speed (slow, medium, and fast) was 14.6, 23.3, and 34.8%, respectively, and a faster eating speed was associated with a higher prevalence of obesity. During the study, 177 participants developed diabetes. Crude incidence rates (/1,000 person-years) across the three categories of eating speed were 9.9, 15.6, and 17.3, respectively. Multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (95% CI) across the categories were 1.00 (reference), 1.68 (0.93-3.02), and 1.97 (1.10-3.55), respectively, and eating speed was associated with the risk of diabetes (p for trend = 0.030).After further adjustment for BMI, a significant association was not observed. Conclusions:Eating speed was associated with the incidence of diabetes. Since these associations were not significant after adjusting for BMI, eating speed may act via its effect on body weight. Eating speed is a controllable risk factor, and eating slowly could be an acceptable lifestyle intervention for the prevention of diabetes mellitus.

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Section: Introductioncontrasting

confidence: 80%

Self-reported speed of eating and 7-year risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged Japanese men

et al. 2012

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“…These findings may imply that eating quickly increases HbA 1c levels by increasing postprandial plasma glucose levels. In addition, the effects of eating quickly on blunted postprandial GLP-1 responses [22] and insulin resistance [29,30] may fail to compensate for the increased postprandial glucose levels induced by eating quickly.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of eating rate on obesity and cardiovascular risk factors according to glucose tolerance status: the Fukuoka Diabetes Registry and the Hisayama Study

et al. 2012

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Aims/hypothesis Medical nutrition therapy plays a critical role in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, appropriate measures of eating behaviours, such as eating rate, have not yet been clearly established. The aim of the present study was to examine the associations among eating rate, obesity and cardiovascular risk factors. Methods A total of 7,275 Japanese individuals aged ≥40 years who had normal fasting glucose levels, impaired fasting glucose or diabetes were divided into four groups according to self-reported eating rate: slow, medium, relatively fast and very fast. The associations between eating rate and various cardiovascular risk factors were investigated cross-sectionally. Results The proportions of participants who were obese or who had elevated waist circumference levels increased progressively with increases in eating rate (p for trend <0.001), regardless of glucose tolerance status. These associations remained significant after adjustment for potential confounders, namely, age, sex, total energy intake, dietary fibre intake, current smoking, current drinking and regular exercise (p for trend <0.001). Blood pressure and lipid levels also tended to increase in association with eating rate. HbA 1c rose significantly as eating rate increased, even after multivariate adjustment, including BMI, in diabetic patients on insulin therapy (p00.02), whereas fasting plasma glucose did not increase significantly. Conclusions/interpretation Our findings suggest that eating rate is associated with obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors and therefore may be a modifiable risk factor in the management of cardiovascular risk factors and diabetes.

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“…Experimental trials in healthy volunteers have shown that food intake with increased mastication induces less feeling of hunger and desire to eat [27], and slower eating leads to increased satiety scoring [28]. In analogy, epidemiological studies show that fast eating is associated with increased BMI and insulin resistance [29,30].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Fiber Fat and Protein Contents Lead to Increased Satiety Reduced Sweet Cravings and Decreased Gastrointestinal Symptoms Independently of Anthropometric Hormonal and Metabolic Factors

Ohlsson¹,

Darwiche²,

Roth³

et al. 2017

J Diabetes Metab

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Background: Satiety and sweet craving are strongly influenced by secretion of gastrointestinal hormones, which are dependent on dietary factors. An Okinawan-based Nordic breakfast with moderately low carbohydrate content and high fat and protein contents has shown increased postprandial satiety, along with improved endocrine and metabolic profile. The primary aim of the study was to estimate the degree of satiety, sweet cravings, and gastrointestinal symptoms, during and after dietary intervention, and to correlate these subjective estimates with anthropometric, metabolic, and hormonal parameters and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Secondary aim was to correlate the Visual Analogue Scale for Irritable Bowel Syndrome (VAS-IBS) against the HRQoL questionnaire RAND-36. Methods:Thirty type 2 diabetes patients were given the Okinawan-based Nordic diet during 12 weeks. Blood sampling, anthropometric measuring and completion of questionnaires about satiety and sweet cravings, VAS-IBS, and RAND-36 were performed at baseline, after 12 weeks of dietary intervention, and after 16 weeks of follow-up. Results:The satiety was increased after dietary intervention, and sweet craving was decreased, without correlations with any parameters. These changes persisted throughout the study period (p=0.002). At follow-up, satiety was inversely correlated with GIP (p=0.041) and Social Functioning (p=0.044). Sweet craving correlated with leptin levels (p=0.037), weight (p=0.048), BMI (p=0.001), waist circumference (p=0.006), vitality (p=0.046), and less abdominal pain (p=0.034). Psychological improvement was seen during the dietary intervention, and gastrointestinal symptom reduction afterwards, with correlations between the parameters. Conclusions:A diet with moderately low carbohydrate content and high fiber, fat, and protein contents renders an increased satiety and a reduced sweet craving, independently of anthropometric, hormonal, metabolic or psychological factors. Improved psychological well-being and HRQoL preceeds the reports of decreased gastrointestinal symptoms.

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Eating fast leads to insulin resistance: Findings in middle-aged Japanese men and women

Cited by 128 publications

References 37 publications

Self-reported speed of eating and 7-year risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged Japanese men

Self-reported speed of eating and 7-year risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged Japanese men

Impact of eating rate on obesity and cardiovascular risk factors according to glucose tolerance status: the Fukuoka Diabetes Registry and the Hisayama Study

High Fiber Fat and Protein Contents Lead to Increased Satiety Reduced Sweet Cravings and Decreased Gastrointestinal Symptoms Independently of Anthropometric Hormonal and Metabolic Factors

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