Eating Slowly Led to Decreases in Energy Intake within Meals in Healthy Women

Andrade, Alexandre; Greene, Geoffrey; Melanson, Kathleen J.

doi:10.1016/j.jada.2008.04.026

Cited by 231 publications

(195 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…A previous study demonstrated that eating quickly leads to lower postprandial concentrations of anorexigenic gut peptides such as peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 [22]. Another study showed that eating slowly decreased energy intake and resulted in more satiety after meal completion [23]. The present study did not show a significant positive association between eating rate and total energy intake, although the highest total energy intake was observed in very fast eaters.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 73%

Impact of eating rate on obesity and cardiovascular risk factors according to glucose tolerance status: the Fukuoka Diabetes Registry and the Hisayama Study

et al. 2012

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Aims/hypothesis Medical nutrition therapy plays a critical role in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, appropriate measures of eating behaviours, such as eating rate, have not yet been clearly established. The aim of the present study was to examine the associations among eating rate, obesity and cardiovascular risk factors. Methods A total of 7,275 Japanese individuals aged ≥40 years who had normal fasting glucose levels, impaired fasting glucose or diabetes were divided into four groups according to self-reported eating rate: slow, medium, relatively fast and very fast. The associations between eating rate and various cardiovascular risk factors were investigated cross-sectionally. Results The proportions of participants who were obese or who had elevated waist circumference levels increased progressively with increases in eating rate (p for trend <0.001), regardless of glucose tolerance status. These associations remained significant after adjustment for potential confounders, namely, age, sex, total energy intake, dietary fibre intake, current smoking, current drinking and regular exercise (p for trend <0.001). Blood pressure and lipid levels also tended to increase in association with eating rate. HbA 1c rose significantly as eating rate increased, even after multivariate adjustment, including BMI, in diabetic patients on insulin therapy (p00.02), whereas fasting plasma glucose did not increase significantly. Conclusions/interpretation Our findings suggest that eating rate is associated with obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors and therefore may be a modifiable risk factor in the management of cardiovascular risk factors and diabetes.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 73%

Impact of eating rate on obesity and cardiovascular risk factors according to glucose tolerance status: the Fukuoka Diabetes Registry and the Hisayama Study

et al. 2012

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“…This is consistent with the findings of many previous studies of the relationships between the objectively and subjectively assessed eating speeds and the body composition and shape (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19). Previous studies have also demonstrated that fast eating induces overeating, and that overeating is related to weight gain due to the ingestion of a larger volume of food before experiencing satiety (22)(23)(24). Longitudinal studies found that fast eating induced weight gain, with the odds ratio of being overweight during a 3-y follow-up being 4.4 times higher in fast eaters than in not-fast eaters (5), and the weight gain during an 8-y follow-up being 1.9 kg in a fast eating group compared to 0.7 kg in moderate and slow eating groups (15).…”

supporting

confidence: 91%

Objective and Subjective Eating Speeds Are Related to Body Composition and Shape in Female College Students

Hamada

Miyaji

Hayashi

et al. 2017

Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, J Nutr Sci Vit

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Summary Eating speed reportedly relates to body composition and shape. Little is known about the relationship between the objectively assessed eating speed and the body composition and shape. This study examined relationships between eating speed as assessed both objectively and subjectively, and body composition and shape. The following variables of body composition and shape were measured in 84 female college students: body mass, relative body fat mass (%Fat), body mass index (BMI), and circumferences of the waist, abdomen and hip. After measuring the body composition and shape, subjects consumed a 174-kcal salmon rice ball. The following chewing variables were measured by observing videotape recordings of the subjects' faces: number of chews per bite, total number of chews, total meal duration, number of bites, and chewing rate. The subjects were categorized into three groups (fast, moderate and slow) according to their own subjective assessments of the actual eating speed. In objective assessments of the eating speed, the total number of chews and the total meal duration were significantly negatively correlated with the body mass, %Fat, BMI, and circumferences of the waist, abdomen and hip. In subjective eating-speed assessments, the body mass, %Fat, BMI, and circumferences of the waist, abdomen and hip were greater in the fast eating group than in the slow eating group. Both the objectively and subjectively assessed eating speeds are related to the body composition and shape. The present study supports that fast eating may relate to gains in body mass and/or fat mass. Key Words body composition, eating speed, mastication, meal duration Overweight and obesity have become one of the public health issues disseminating worldwide: the global obesity pandemic (1). The presence of overweight and obesity increases the incidence rates of many health problems, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, musculoskeletal disorders, and some cancers (2). Strategies for effectively preventing the spread of overweight and obesity are therefore urgently needed.Slow eating, which involves chewing food slowly and thoroughly, is an effective strategy for preventing overweight and obesity, with many previous studies having found eating speed to be related to the body composition and shape (3-18). However, these studies were limited by their use of questionnaires to assess the eating speed. While questionnaires make it easy to survey eating speeds in large samples, it is unclear whether such subjective assessments of eating speed actually reflect actual eating speeds. Objective assessments of the eating speed are therefore necessary for reliably investigating the relationships between the eating speed and the body composition and shape.To the best of our knowledge, only one study has objectively assessed the eating speed (19); those authors found that the total numbers of chews and the total meal duration were significantly correlated with the body mass index (BMI). Both males and females were included in that study, whereas H...

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“…Eating slowly is often advised for weight management on the basis of the hypothesis that slower eating allows satiation to register before too much food is consumed (6), and a number of observational studies in free-living settings have consistently shown a positive association between rate of eating and measures of obesity in not only adults (7)(8)(9)(10)(11) but also children (12)(13)(14). However, previous epidemiologic studies in children (12)(13)(14) usually did not take into account for energy intake, macronutrient composition (i.e., protein, fat, and carbohydrate) or dietary fi ber, hampering interpretation of whether or not eating rate is associated with measures of obesity independent of dietary intake or composition.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Reported Rate of Eating and Risk of Overweight in Japanese Children: Ryukyus Child Health Study

Murakami

Miyake

Sasaki

et al. 2012

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol

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SummaryThe possible role of eating rate in promoting obesity has long been of interest. We examined the association between rate of eating and overweight status in Japanese children and adolescents. This Japanese cross-sectional study included 15,974 children (6-11 y; 7,956 boys and 8,018 girls) and 8,202 adolescents (12-15 y; 3,944 boys and 4,258 girls). Rate of eating was self-reported according to fi ve categories. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from self-reported body weight and height. Overweight was defi ned according to the International Obesity Task Force age-and sex-specifi c BMI cutoffs. The overall prevalence of overweight was 13.2%. Rate of eating was positively associated with the risk of overweight, independent of protein, fat, and dietary fi ber intakes. Multivariate odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for overweight in the very slow, relatively slow, medium, relatively fast, and very fast categories were 0. In conclusion, this large cross-sectional study in Japan showed that a higher rate of eating was independently positively associated with an increasing risk of overweight in children and adolescents.

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Eating Slowly Led to Decreases in Energy Intake within Meals in Healthy Women

Cited by 231 publications

References 36 publications

Impact of eating rate on obesity and cardiovascular risk factors according to glucose tolerance status: the Fukuoka Diabetes Registry and the Hisayama Study

Impact of eating rate on obesity and cardiovascular risk factors according to glucose tolerance status: the Fukuoka Diabetes Registry and the Hisayama Study

Objective and Subjective Eating Speeds Are Related to Body Composition and Shape in Female College Students

Self-Reported Rate of Eating and Risk of Overweight in Japanese Children: Ryukyus Child Health Study

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