EBSD in the Earth Sciences: Applications, Common Practice, and Challenges

Prior, David J.; Mariani, Elisabetta; Wheeler, John

doi:10.1007/978-0-387-88136-2_26

Cited by 115 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…They are locally imbricated, confirming the top-to-the-SE kinematics. Locally the mylonitic fabric is deformed by a pervasive extensional crenulation cleavage (ECC; Platt and Vissers, 1980) with individual shear bands dipping gently towards the NNW invariably indicating top-to-the-SE transport, which, in the present geometry, corresponds to southeastward thrusting along the NFZ ( Fig. 2a and b).…”

Section: Nussirjávri Fault Zonementioning

confidence: 72%

“…To remove surface damage and thereby enhance the diffraction signal, the thin sections were polished using colloidal silica for 5 min (Moen et al, 2003) and placed in a Hitachi VP-SEM with a Nordif UF-1000 EBSD detector (Chen et al, 2012) at a 70 • tilt to the horizontal (Prior et al, 1999). To acquire satisfactory pattern quality the accelerating voltage used was 20.0 kV at 35 nA absorbed current.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In spite of significant recent advances, however, much remains unexplored and unaccounted for, such as (1) the role of fluid-rock interaction on the microstructural development of quartz, (2) the effect of contrasting rheology and of the resulting strain partitioning between matrix and quartz porphyroclasts, and (3) the feedback mechanisms between brittle and viscous processes. Recent technological developments have made powerful methodologies such as electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD; e.g., Adams et al, 1993;Prior et al, 1999Prior et al, , 2009 readily available. This permits extremely detailed investigations and quantification of microstructures and, thereby, the derivation of refined conceptual models of the deformation mechanisms in quartz at the broadly defined brittle-viscous transition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Brittle–viscous deformation of vein quartz under fluid-rich lower greenschist facies conditions

et al. 2015

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Abstract.We studied by Electron BackScatter Diffraction (EBSD) and optical microscopy a coarse-grained (ca. 0.5-6 mm) quartz vein embedded in a phyllonitic matrix to gain insights into the recrystallization mechanisms and the processes of strain localization in quartz deformed under lower greenschist facies conditions, broadly coincident with the brittle-viscous transition. The vein deformed during faulting along a phyllonitic thrust of Caledonian age within the Porsa Imbricate Stack in the Paleoproterozoic Repparfjord Tectonic Window in northern Norway. The phyllonite hosting the vein formed at the expense of a metabasaltic protolith through feldspar breakdown to form interconnected layers of fine, synkinematic phyllosilicates. In the mechanically weak framework of the phyllonite, the quartz vein acted as a relatively rigid body. Viscous deformation in the vein was initially accommodated by quartz basal slip. Under the prevailing deformation conditions, however, dislocation glide-and possibly creep-accommodated deformation of quartz was inefficient, and this resulted in localized strain hardening. In response to the (1) hardening, (2) progressive and cyclic increase of the fluid pressure, and (3) increasing competence contrast between the vein and the weakly foliated host phyllonite, vein quartz crystals began to deform by brittle processes along specific, suitably oriented lattice planes, creating microgouges along microfractures. Nucleated new grains rapidly sealed these fractures as fluids penetrated the actively deforming system. The grains grew initially by solution precipitation and later by grain boundary migration. We suggest that the different initial orientation of the vein crystals led to strain accommodation by different mechanisms in the individual crystals, generating remarkably different microstructures. Crystals suitably oriented for basal slip, for example, accommodated strain mainly viscously and experienced only minor fracturing. Instead, crystals misoriented for basal slip hardened and deformed predominantly by domainal fracturing. This study indicates the importance of considering shear zones as dynamic systems wherein the activated deformation mechanisms may vary through time in response to the complex temporal and spatial evolution of the shear zone, often in a cyclic fashion.

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Section: Nussirjávri Fault Zonementioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Brittle–viscous deformation of vein quartz under fluid-rich lower greenschist facies conditions

et al. 2015

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“…In such cases, concrete identification of mineral phases has conventionally relied on complementary analytic techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), TEM and various transmission-mode X-ray spectroscopies, which although powerful, demand either sample volumes of many cubic microns or thin slices excised from the bulk sample at the cost of man-hours and destroying the nearby sample. Even the electron backscatter diffraction technique, a powerful highresolution probe of crystal structure (insensitive to glassy structure), requires careful deposition of a conductor over insulating minerals 42 . In stark contrast, nanoFTIR measurements are fundamentally non-destructive, requiring no special sample preparation beyond a surface polish with micron-scale smoothness, which even then might be omitted for smooth or terraced sample regions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoscale infrared spectroscopy as a non-destructive probe of extraterrestrial samples

et al. 2014

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Advances in the spatial resolution of modern analytical techniques have tremendously augmented the scientific insight gained from the analysis of natural samples. Yet, while techniques for the elemental and structural characterization of samples have achieved sub-nanometre spatial resolution, infrared spectral mapping of geochemical samples at vibrational 'fingerprint' wavelengths has remained restricted to spatial scales 410 mm. Nevertheless, infrared spectroscopy remains an invaluable contactless probe of chemical structure, details of which offer clues to the formation history of minerals. Here we report on the successful implementation of infrared near-field imaging, spectroscopy and analysis techniques capable of sub-micron scale mineral identification within natural samples, including a chondrule from the Murchison meteorite and a cometary dust grain (Iris) from NASA's Stardust mission. Complementary to scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy probes, this work evidences a similarity between chondritic and cometary materials, and inaugurates a new era of infrared nano-spectroscopy applied to small and invaluable extraterrestrial samples.

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“…

When an EDS detector is properly positioned relative to a highly-tilted EBSD sample, EDS data can be collected simultaneously with the EBSD data.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlating Complementary Data for Improving Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) Microstructural Characterization of Geological Materials

et al. 2017

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Electron Backscattered Diffraction (EBSD) has become widely accepted for the crystallographic microstructural characterization of geological materials [1]. For comprehensive multi-phase material analysis, correlating the EBSD structural data with complementary compositional information from analytical techniques including Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Wavelength Dispersive Spectroscopy (WDS), and Cathodoluminescence (CL) can improve EBSD phase differentiation performance and provides a more complete description of each analyzed phase.When an EDS detector is properly positioned relative to a highly-tilted EBSD sample, EDS data can be collected simultaneously with the EBSD data. While the EDS and EBSD interaction volumes are not exactly coincident, the spatial mismatch is small (< ≈1µm) and the difference can generally be ignored when the mapping step size and features of interest are larger than this mismatch. In these cases, the EDS and EBSD data can be considered directly correlated. The EDS data can then be used to assist EBSD phase differentiation for structurally similar phases, as shown in Figure 1. In this example, an exsolved sample of Ilmenite and Hematite was analyzed. This sample comes from the Saint Urbain Anorthosite Massif, a complex magmatic system, aged ~1 Ga [2], that contains economic deposits of Fe and Ti. The exsolution of the Ilmenite and Hematite is due to extremely slow cooling rates (~3⁰C/million years) [2] of the residual Ti and Fe rich liquid. Both phases have a trigonal crystal structure with similar lattice parameters, so it is difficult for EBSD to consistently and reliably differentiate these phases (Figure 1a). However, the EDS information easily differentiates these phases. By using the correlated EDS information to select the correct phase for EBSD analysis, more accurate phase and microstructural characterization is obtained (Figure 1b) [3].When the step size and features of interest are smaller than the spatial mismatch of the EDS and EBSD interaction volumes, direct correlation can no longer be assumed. While Fig. 1 shows large scale exsolution, some exsolved grains are smaller than/equal to the EDS interaction volume used at normal EBSD operating conditions (15KV and greater). Due to this change in scale, the optimal operating conditions for EBSD data collection and EDS are much different (Figure 2), either requiring some give and take in one of the methods or collecting the data at different times and/or operation conditions. With this in mind, it may be desirable to collect EDS, or other compositional and/or complementary information (WDS, CL, EBIC, etc) in a traditional, non-tilted geometry. This could be done on the same instrument, or also on another SEM or microprobe. In these cases, a routine has been implemented that allows a set of images to be spatially correlated with the EBSD mapping data by selecting 6 or more coincident points within the shared field of analysis. A displacement vector field is then calculated for and applied to the image set, and the subs...

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EBSD in the Earth Sciences: Applications, Common Practice, and Challenges

Cited by 115 publications

References 83 publications

Brittle–viscous deformation of vein quartz under fluid-rich lower greenschist facies conditions

Brittle–viscous deformation of vein quartz under fluid-rich lower greenschist facies conditions

Nanoscale infrared spectroscopy as a non-destructive probe of extraterrestrial samples

Correlating Complementary Data for Improving Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) Microstructural Characterization of Geological Materials

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