Echinodermata

Arnone, Maria Ina; Byrne, Maria; Martinez, Pedro

doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-1856-6_1

Cited by 38 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 267 publications

(297 reference statements)

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“…Overall, our results indicate that the PSEDN is deployed in development of the metamorphic sea urchin, and the expression of these genes indicates that they are involved in development of pentamery, the most derived deuterostome body plan (Arnone et al, ; Byrne et al, ). Interestingly, BMP2/4 signaling, through its control of Nodal , also appears to have a role in the development of pentamery (Koop et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

“…There is increasing appreciation that GRNs, highly conserved across the Metazoa, can provide a framework to investigate evolution of development in their context‐specific interactions (Davidson and Erwin, ; Arnone et al, , ; Israel et al, ). For the sea urchin, the PSEDN has been shown to be involved in small micromere cell migration (Martik and McClay, ), and its constituent genes are expressed in the left coelomic pouch (Luo and Su, ), the structure that gives rise to the five hydrocoele lobes that form the pentameral echinoderm body plan (Morris et al, ; Morris, ; Smith et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Expression of genes and proteins of the pax‐six‐eya‐dach network in the metamorphic sea urchin: Insights into development of the enigmatic echinoderm body plan and sensory structures

Byrne

Koop

Morris

et al. 2017

Developmental Dynamics

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Background: Photoreception-associated genes of the Pax-Six-Eya-Dach network (PSEDN) are deployed for many roles in addition to photoreception development. In this first study of PSEDN genes during development of the pentameral body in sea urchins, we investigated their spatial expression in Heliocidaris erythrogramma. Results: Expression of PSEDN genes in the hydrocoele of early (Dach, Eya, Six1/2) and/or late (Pax6, Six3/6) larvae, and the five hydrocoele lobes, the first morphological expression of pentamery, supports a role in body plan development. Pax6, Six1/2, and Six3/6 were localized to the primary and/or secondary podia and putative sensory/neuronal cells. Six1/2 and Six3/6 were expressed in the neuropil region in the terminal disc of the podia. Dach was localized to spines. Sequential up-regulation of gene expression as new podia and spines formed was evident. Rhabdomeric opsin and pax6 protein were localized to cells in the primary podia and spines. Conclusions: Our results support roles for PSEDN genes in development of the pentameral body plan, contributing to our understanding of how the most unusual body plan in the Bilateria may have evolved. Development of sensory cells within the PaxSix expression field is consistent with the role of these genes in sensory cell development in diverse species. Developmental Dynamics 247:239-249,

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of genes and proteins of the pax‐six‐eya‐dach network in the metamorphic sea urchin: Insights into development of the enigmatic echinoderm body plan and sensory structures

Byrne

Koop

Morris

et al. 2017

Developmental Dynamics

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“…Various animals are known for their high ability to regenerate and are used for regeneration studies, for example, planarians and newts. Although they receive less attention in this context, echinoderms, consisting of five classes, regenerate efficiently and are also the subject of study [3–8]. For example, sea stars, brittle stars, and crinoids have high potential for regeneration, and are able to self-amputate (autotomize) their arms, but then are able to completely regrow them.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regeneration of the digestive tract of an anterior-eviscerating sea cucumber, Eupentacta quinquesemita, and the involvement of mesenchymal–epithelial transition in digestive tube formation

Okada

Kondo

2019

Zoological Lett

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Sea cucumbers (a class of echinoderms) exhibit a high capacity for regeneration, such that, following ejection of inner organs in a process called evisceration, the lost organs regenerate. There are two ways by which evisceration occurs in sea cucmber species: from the mouth (anterior) or the anus (posterior). Intriguingly, regenerating tissues are formed at both the anterior and posterior regions and extend toward the opposite ends, and merge to form a complete digestive tract. From the posterior side, the digestive tube regenerates extending a continuous tube from the cloaca, which remains at evisceration. In posteriorly-eviscerating species, the esophagus remains in the body, and a new tube regenerates continuously from it. However, in anterior-eviscerating species, no tubular tissue remains in the anterior region, raising the question of how the new digestive tube forms in the anterior regenerate. We addressed this question by detailed histological observations of the regenerating anterior digestive tract in a small sea cucumber, Eupentacta quinquesemita (“ishiko” in Japanese) after induced-evisceration. We found that an initial rudiment consisting of mesenchymal cells is formed along the edge of the anterior mesentery from the anterior end, and then, among the mesenchymal cells, multiple clusters of epithelial-like cells appears simultaneously and repeatedly in the extending region by mesenchymal–epithelial transition (MET) as visulalized using toluidine blue staining. Subsequently, multiple cavities were formed surrounded with these epithelial cells, and appeared to coalesce with each other to form into multiple lumens, and to eventually become a single tube. This anterior tube then fused to the tube regenerated from the posterior rudiment. Thus, we elucidated the process of regeneration of the anterior portion of the gut in an anteriorly eviscerating species, and suggest the involvement of MET and fusion of cavities/lumens in regeneration of the digestive tube. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40851-019-0133-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Sea urchins have a highly modified HOX cluster and a body plan deviant from bilaterality (Martinez et al ; Cameron et al ). Metamorphosis from the bilateral larva to the pentameral adult echinoderm produces the most derived body plan in the Bilateria (Arnone et al ). This prompts the question as to the situation in echinoderms, are the modified HOX cluster and derived body plan related?…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of a pentameral body plan was not linked to translocation of anterior Hox genes: the echinoderm HOX cluster revisited

Byrne

Martinez

Morris

2016

Evolution and Development

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Echinodermata is a large phylum of marine invertebrates characterized by an adult, pentameral body plan. This morphology is clearly derived as all members of Deuterostomia (the superphylum to which they belong) have a bilateral body plan. The origin of the pentameral plan has been the subject of intense debate. It is clear that the ancestor of Echinodermata had a bilateral plan but how this ancestor transformed its body "architecture" in such a drastic manner is not clear. Data from the fossil record and ontogeny are sparse and, so far, not very informative. The sequencing of the sea urchin genome a decade ago opened the possibility that the pentameral body plan was a consequence of a broken Hox cluster and a series of papers dwelt on the putative relationship between Hox gene arrangements in the chromosomes and the origin of pentamery. This relationship, sound as it was, is challenged by the revelation that the sea star HOX cluster is, in fact, intact, thus falsifying the hypothesis of a direct relationship between HOX cluster arrangement and the origin of the pentameral body plan. Here, we explore the relationship between Hox gene arrangements and echinoderm body "architecture," the expression of Hox genes in development and alternative scenarios for the origin of pentamery, with putative roles for signaling centers in generating multiple axes.

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Echinodermata

Cited by 38 publications

References 267 publications

Expression of genes and proteins of the pax‐six‐eya‐dach network in the metamorphic sea urchin: Insights into development of the enigmatic echinoderm body plan and sensory structures

Expression of genes and proteins of the pax‐six‐eya‐dach network in the metamorphic sea urchin: Insights into development of the enigmatic echinoderm body plan and sensory structures

Regeneration of the digestive tract of an anterior-eviscerating sea cucumber, Eupentacta quinquesemita, and the involvement of mesenchymal–epithelial transition in digestive tube formation

Evolution of a pentameral body plan was not linked to translocation of anterior Hox genes: the echinoderm HOX cluster revisited

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