Eco-epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Ethiopia

Gadisa, Endalamaw; Tsegaw, Teshome; Abera, Adugna; Elnaiem, Dia-Eldin A.; Boer, Margriet den; Aseffa, Abraham; Alvar, Jorge

doi:10.1186/s13071-015-0987-y

Cited by 79 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 67 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…2,3 The known endemic foci are the SegenWoito valleys, lower Omo river plains, Lake Abaya area in the southwest, and Metema-Humera area in the northwest. 4 The east African region has experienced several outbreaks of kala-azar in recent years. Outbreaks were recorded in Somali refugee camps in Kenya in 2000 5 ; in northern Jonglei and eastern Upper Nile states of South Sudan 6 in 2002; in Bakool, Huddur, and Tijelow regions of Somalia in 2002-2005 7 ; and in Libo Kemkem and Fogera districts of northwest Ethiopia in [2005][2006][2007].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visceral Leishmaniasis in Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State, Western Ethiopia: Reemerging or Emerging?

Abera

Tasew

Tsegaw

et al. 2016

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Kala-azar is a growing public health problem in Ethiopia. Benishangul-Gumuz regional state was previously not known to be endemic for the disease. In response to a case report from the region, we conducted a rapid assessment survey. A pretested questionnaire was used to capture sociodemographic and clinical histories pertinent to kala-azar. Study participants with complaints of fever and headache for 2 weeks or more were tested for kala-azar and malaria. All participants were screened with the leishmanin skin test and the direct agglutination test for exposure to Leishmania, defined as a positive result with either or both tests. Of 275 participants, 20 were exposed giving an overall leishmaniasis seroprevalence rate of 7.3%. Among the 20 positive individuals, 19 were farmers and nine of them reported no travel history outside their district. It appears that kala-azar is emerging in Dangur and Guba districts of Benishangul-Gumuz regional state, probably in connection with human encroachment into one or several previously out-of-reach zoonotic foci. We recommend integrated epidemiological surveys for confirmation and early containment of disease transmission in the area.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visceral Leishmaniasis in Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State, Western Ethiopia: Reemerging or Emerging?

Abera

Tasew

Tsegaw

et al. 2016

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The other main focus in the southwest is in the lower course of the Rift Valley, most notably, the Segen (Aba Roba focus) and Weyto Valleys in the drainage basin of the Chew Bahir Lake, near Konso Woreda. The Aba Roba focus has a particularly high VL endemicity and high population immunity, with 36.4% testing positive with the leishmanin skin test (Leta et al, 2014;Gadisa et al, 2015). Further eastward, in the Oromia regional state, sporadic VL cases have been reported from Lake Abaya, Moyale area, Dawa and Genale River Valleys.…”

Section: Status Of Leishmaniasis In Ethiopiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further eastward, in the Oromia regional state, sporadic VL cases have been reported from Lake Abaya, Moyale area, Dawa and Genale River Valleys. Down in the south-eastern semi-arid lowlands, there is a recent report of VL transmission in the Afder and Liben areas in the Somali regional state ( (Leta et al, 2014;Gadisa et al, 2015). Cutaneous leishmaniasis has been occurred in the highlands of Ethiopia.…”

Section: Status Of Leishmaniasis In Ethiopiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, recent reports indicated that the spreading of the disease in areas where it was previously non-endemic (Leta et al, 2014). Environmental modifications, socio-economic status, expansion of agricultural mega projects and new reservoir hosts are the most important risk factors of the disease (Assimina et al, 2008;Gadisa et al, 2015). A study was conducted in Ethiopia to identify environmental parameters influencing the geographical distribution of VL.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Zoonotic impact and epidemiological changes of leishmaniasis in Ethiopia

Gebremichael¹

2018

Open Vet J.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Leishmaniasis is one of the growing public health challenges in Ethiopia and estimated over 7,000 and 50,000 new cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) per year, respectively. The aim of the review is to address zoonotic impact and epidemiological changes of leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. VL is caused by L. donovani and it is endemic in many parts of the country with one third of the country’s landmass is highly suitable for VL. CL is principally caused by L. aethiopica. CL is endemic and widespread in the highland of Ethiopia. Northern lowland foci are Humera and Metema plains in the Tigray and Amhara regional states constitute the main VL endemic areas in the country, contributing over 60% of the total burden. The southern foci are the south-western savannah, and the south-eastern semi-arid lowlands which account for approximately 20 % of the total VL burden in Ethiopia. Leishmaniasis is a serious zoonotic disease in Ethiopia with more reservoir hosts maintaining the disease. Dogs and hyraxes are the main reservoir hosts for visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis in the country, respectively. Epidemiological changes of leishmaniasis may relate to environmental changes and expansion of mega projects such as irrigations and sugar cane factories, knowledge and socio-economic factors, development of new settlements, migration of peoples and HIV/AIDS co-infection. Expansions of mega projects such as sugar factories and irrigations are suitable for reproduction of stray dogs, rodents, wild canids and vectors. VL is one of the major challenges to prevent and control in the endemic areas of the country. Therefore, new research should be imperative, especially in the mega projects to design strategic control and prevention methods.

show abstract

“…The emergence of VL in Ethiopia places a huge burden on society in terms of mortality, and impact on country’s economy as well as future development. This is because the disease is more prevalent in Kola to Weina Dega agro-ecological zones of Ethiopia, areas of major agricultural projects such as dams for electricity and irrigation purposes as well as other agricultural activities all exist [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of mortality and its predictors among adult Visceral Leishmaniasis patients at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia

Yeshaw

Tsegaye

Nigatu

2019

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

8Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease resulting in a huge 9 burden of mortality and impact on development of a country. Even though anti-leishmanial 10 drugs reduce the incidence of mortality among VL patients, still there is a death of VL patients 11 while on treatment. However, study on incidence of mortality and its predictors among these 12 patients while on treatment is scarce in Ethiopia. 13Objective: The aim of this study was to determine incidence of mortality and its predictors 14 among adult VL patients at University of Gondar Hospital. 15 Methods: Institution based retrospective follow up study was conducted from 2013 to 2018 at 16 University of Gondar Hospital. Data were collected from patients' chart and analyzed using 17 Stata 14. Kaplan Meier failure curve and Log Rank test was used to compare survival 18 probability of patients with categorical variables. Multivariable stratified Cox model was used 19to identify predictors of mortality among VL patients. P≤ 0.05 was employed to declare 20 statistically significant factors. Adjusted Hazard Ratio (AHR) and its 95% confidence interval 21 (95% CI) was estimated for potential risk factors included in the multivariable model. 22Results: A total of 586 VL patients were included in the study. The median age of patients was 23 23 years. The incidence of mortality was 6.6 (95% CI: 5.2 -8.4) per 1000 person-days of 2 24 observation. Independent predictors of mortality were: presence of comorbidity (AHR=2.29 ( 25 95% CI: 1.27-4.11)), relapse VL (AHR=3.03 (95% CI: 1.25-7.35)), toxicity of treatment drug 26 (AHR=5.87( 95% CI:3.30-10.44)), nasal bleeding (AHR=2.58 ( 95%CI: 1.48-4.51)), jaundice 27 (AHR=2.84 (95% CI: 1.57-5.16)) and being bedridden (AHR=3.26 (95 % CI: 1.86-5.73)). 28Conclusion: The incidence of mortality among VL patients was high. Mortality was higher 29 among VL patients with concomitant disease, relapse, toxicity during treatment, nasal 30 bleeding, jaundice, and bedridden patients. Therefore, strict follow up and treatment of VL 31 patients who have comorbidity, relapse VL, toxicity, nasal bleeding and jaundice were crucial 32 so as to reduce the risk of mortality. 33Visceral leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by a protozoa parasite. Over 90% 37 of global burden of VL occurs in poor rural and suburban areas in seven countries including 38 our country, Ethiopia. If not appropriately treated, over 95% of VL cases will eventually die. 39The emergence of VL in Ethiopia places a huge burden on society as it affects poor, young and 40 productive age group of its population. However, there is scarcity of data about incidence of 41 mortality and its predictors among adult VL patients in Ethiopia. 42In this study, a registry of VL patients at Gondar University Hospital was taken to determine 43 the incidence of VL mortality and its predictors. Mortality rate was higher among VL patients 44 with concomitant disease, relapse, drug toxicity, nasal bleeding and jaundice. Therefore, strict 45 follow up a...

show abstract

Eco-epidemiology of visceral leishmaniasis in Ethiopia

Cited by 79 publications

References 67 publications

Visceral Leishmaniasis in Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State, Western Ethiopia: Reemerging or Emerging?

Visceral Leishmaniasis in Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State, Western Ethiopia: Reemerging or Emerging?

Zoonotic impact and epidemiological changes of leishmaniasis in Ethiopia

Incidence of mortality and its predictors among adult Visceral Leishmaniasis patients at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About