Ecofriendly microwave‐assisted reaction and extraction of bioactive compounds from hawthorn leaf

Abstract

Introduction The main active components in hawthorn leaves possess various biological activities such as anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, and hypolipidemic effects. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an effective and reliable extraction method to extract these active compounds from hawthorn leaves. Objective To establish a simple, rapid, and sensitive method for extraction and determination of polyphenolic compounds from hawthorn leaves. Methods In this study, a microwave‐assisted reaction and extraction (MARE) combined with ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector method was established to extract and determine the polyphenolic compounds in hawthorn leaves. The solid reagent aqueous solutions were applied as extraction solvents, preventing the use of organic solvents. The target analytes were identified by quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry. Several experimental parameters that can significantly affect the extraction efficiency were evaluated and optimised. Results The optimal conditions were as follows: 0.1 g of sodium carbonate was used as solid reagent, the amount of sodium borate was set at 0.01 g, extraction time was 10 min, extraction temperature was set at 50°C, pH value was adjusted to 7. The validation experiments demonstrated that the method had high sensitivity with the limits of detection in the range 26.5–37.7 ng/mL. The average recoveries ranged from 80.22% to 93.27%. Conclusion In this work, the proposed MARE method was successfully applied to extract and determine polyphenolic compounds in hawthorn leaf samples. Compared with other reported methods, the present method was faster, greener, and more sensitive.

Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.): An Updated Overview on Its Beneficial Properties

“…In this study, attention has been addressed to the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the extraction, as well as to the kinetics of the extraction according to the part of the plant (flowers or leaves), their state (fresh or dried), and the granulometry of the dry plant, also taking into account parameters like stirring speed, temperature, extraction time, volume of the container (cup, mug or bowl) and the use of infusion bags. In agreement with green technologies [32,33], it is worth mentioning the work of Hu et al [34], which proposed an eco-friendly microwave-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from hawthorn leaf combined with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with an ultraviolet detector for the identification and quantification of compounds. In a recent study, mannose, glucose and fructose were extracted from hawthorn fruits by acid hydrolysis using 2 M trifluoroacetic acid, and then identified and characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry [35].…”

Rapid determination of four flavonoids from hawthorn leaves in plasma by ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry and study on its pharmacokinetics

“…or Crataegus pinnatifida Bge. [1], with the effects of activating blood flow and removing blood stasis [2][3][4][5]. Hawthorn leaf extract is a liquid obtained by extracting hawthorn leaf powder with 50% ethanol and elution with D101 macroporous resin or extracted by ultrasonic extraction after adding 60% methanol [6][7][8].…”

“…Vitexin-4"-O-glucoside (VOG), Vitexin-2"-Orhamnoside (VOR), vitexin (VIT), and hyperoside (HP), as the main components in hawthorn leaf extract, are important active substances that exert their medicinal effects. It is reported that both VOG and VOR can significantly improve the toxicity and apoptosis of mice, with a positive effect on avoiding H 2 O 2 -mediated oxidative stress damage at the same time [10]; VOR exerted potent antithrombotic activity in vitro [6]; It is well known that VIT has a wide range of pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-hyperalgesic and neuroprotective effects, and even anti-diabetics, anti-Alzheimer's disease, and anti-cancer effects [11,12], moreover, both in vitro and in vivo studies suggested that VIT is a chemopreventive compound with activity against various cancers through proapoptotic processes and/or autophagy [13]; HP can inhibit high glucose-induced vascular inflammation [3], protect acetaminophen-induced liver injury [14], and inhibit the proliferation of pancreatic cancer and lung cancer cells [15,16]. Currently, the main research methods of flavonoids in hawthorn leaves include high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [17,18], HPLC-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) [19], ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem MS (UHPLC-MS/MS) [20], etc.…”

Exploring the Mechanism of Hawthorn Leaves Against Coronary Heart Disease Using Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking

“…Hawthorn leaves, as raw materials of herbal medicines, have been proven to have a variety of pharmacological properties, including preventing or treating cardiovascular diseases, improving circulation of coronary, lowering blood lipids and preventing hypertension ( 8 ). Besides, adjusting digestive function disorder is also one of its important effects ( 9 ). A number of domestic and foreign studies have shown that hawthorn leaves have therapeutic effects on CHD ( 7 , 10 ).…”