Ecological and evolutionary effects of fragmentation on infectious disease dynamics

Jousimo, Jussi; Tack, Ayco J. M.; Ovaskainen, Otso; Mononen, Tommi; Susi, Hanna; Tollenaere, Charlotte; Laine, Anna‐Liisa

doi:10.1126/science.1253621

Cited by 182 publications

(288 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The overall low level of disease in natural and seminatural forests, with a few exceptions of devastating native diseases (Hansen and Goheen 2000), is consistent with the general observation that native plant populations rarely suffer from devastating epidemics, contrary to what is observed in crops without fungicide applications (Jousimo et al 2014). A major exception to the effectiveness of natural disease regulation, at least in the short term, is constituted by diseases caused by some exotic pathogens.…”

supporting

confidence: 81%

“…Wide genetic variation in host resistance and pathogen virulence have been evidenced in such ecosystems, where they are sustained by and result from coevolutionary dynamics between hosts and pathogens (Burdon and Thrall 2000;Keesing et al 2006;Burdon et al 2013;Ennos 2015;Jousimo et al 2014). In contrast, the association between low diversity and high disease incidence has been called the "monoculture effect" in reference to the agricultural context in which frequent, severe epidemics require the use of pesticides to maintain yield loss below acceptable levels (King and Lively 2012).…”

Section: Disease Resistance: Revisiting the Ideotype Concept For Breementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The awareness of the increasing impacts of human activities on ecosystems, including forests, has emphasized the need for global approaches and has changed our views on evolution of species. It has been increasingly realized that evolutionary changes can be observed at short time-scales, especially in ecosystems under strong anthropogenic influence (Palumbi 2001;Burdon and Thrall 2008;Jousimo et al 2014). Thus, the traditional view considering evolutionary biology and ecology as two independent fields has changed dramatically (Koch et al 2014).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pathogens that cause minor damage are often unseen-especially in the region of origin of diseases, where pathogens and hosts have coevolved (Parker and Gilbert 2004;Loo 2009;Jousimo et al 2014). Tracking the origin of invasive fungi and Phytophthora spp.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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An evolutionary ecology perspective to address forest pathology challenges of today and tomorrow

Desprez-Loustau

Aguayo²,

Dutech

et al. 2016

Annals of Forest Science

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Abstract& Key message Increasing human impacts on forests, including unintentional movement of pathogens, climate change, and large-scale intensive plantations, are associated with an unprecedented rate of new diseases. An evolutionary ecology perspective can help address these challenges and provide direction for sustainable forest management.& Context Forest pathology has historically relied on an ecological approach to understand and address the practical management of forest diseases. A widening of this perspective to include evolutionary considerations has been increasingly developed in response to the rising rates of genetic change in both pathogen populations and tree populations due to human activities. & Aims Here, five topics for which the evolutionary perspective is especially relevant are highlighted. & Results The first relates to the evolutionary diversity of fungi and fungal-like organisms, with issues linked to the identification of species and their ecological niches. The second theme deals with the evolutionary processes that allow forest pathogens to adapt to new hosts after introductions or to become more virulent in homogeneous plantations. The third theme presents issues linked to disease resistance in tree breeding programs (e.g., growth-defense trade-offs) and proposes new criteria and methods for more durable resistance. The last two themes are dedicated to the biotic environment of the tree-pathogen system, namely, hyperparasites and tree microbiota, as possible solutions for health management. & Conclusion We conclude by highlighting three major conceptual advances brought by evolutionary biology, i.e., that (i) "not everything is everywhere", (ii) evolution of pathogen populations can occur on short time scales, and (iii) the tree is a multitrophic community. We further translate these into a framework for immediate policy recommendations and future directions for research.

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supporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Disease Resistance: Revisiting the Ideotype Concept For Breementioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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An evolutionary ecology perspective to address forest pathology challenges of today and tomorrow

Desprez-Loustau

Aguayo²,

Dutech

et al. 2016

Annals of Forest Science

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“…Examples of metacommunities consisting of ephemeral habitats include aquatic insects in phytotelmata (Ellis et al 2006), symbiotic microbes in plant hosts (Jousimo et al 2014), freshwater plankton in rock pools (Vanschoenwinkel et al 2008b), and epiphyllous (leaf-inhabiting) bryophytes in tropical forests (Zartman and Nascimento 2006). Because priority effects within patch generations have now been documented widely, further research on priority effects across patch generations in different systems seems Table 2.…”

Section: Ev-5mentioning

confidence: 99%

Priority effects can persist across floral generations in nectar microbial metacommunities

Toju

Vannette

Gauthier

et al. 2017

Oikos

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The order of species arrival can influence how species interact with one another and, consequently, which species may coexist in local communities. This phenomenon, called priority effects, has been observed in various types of communities, but it remains unclear whether priority effects persist over the long term spanning multiple generations of local communities in metacommunities. Focusing on bacteria and yeasts that colonize floral nectar of the sticky monkey flower, Mimulus aurantiacus, via hummingbirds and other flower‐visiting animals, we experimentally manipulated initial microbial dominance on plants (regarded as metacommunities) to examine whether its effects persisted across multiple generations of flowers (regarded as local microbial habitats). The experimental introduction of Neokomagataea (= Gluconobacter) bacteria and Metschnikowia yeasts into wild flowers showed that the effects of initial dominance were observable across multiple floral generations. Three weeks after introduction, corresponding approximately to three floral generations, Neokomagataea introduction led to exclusion of yeasts, whereas Metschnikowia introduction did not result in the exclusion of Neokomagataea. Our results suggest that, even when local habitats are ephemeral, priority effects may influence multiple generations of local communities within metacommunities.

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Fitness Costs of Plant Disease Resistance

Bruns

2016

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Disease is a major agent of evolution by natural selection because infection by a parasite reduces the fitness of its host. Plant populations have evolved many different mechanisms of resistance in response to disease, but, curiously, resistant genotypes rarely supplant susceptible genotypes. Instead, many plant populations are polymorphic at resistance gene loci, meaning that both resistant and susceptible genotypes coexist within a population. The maintenance of polymorphism can be explained if host resistance to disease is most beneficial when most plants are susceptible, and if resistance reduces a plant's fitness in the absence of the parasite. Fitness costs of disease resistance and pathogen virulence are critically important to the maintenance of polymorphism and the direction of host–pathogen coevolution. Costs in conjuncture with host and pathogen life history traits can drive populations towards an ever‐escalating coevolutionary ‘arms‐race’ or can maintain polymorphism through frequency‐dependent selection. Fitness costs of disease resistance may arise in several ways: physiological and metabolic costs of defence against parasites, developmental traits which allow plants to escape disease but are suboptimal for seed production, and trade‐offs between resistance and responses to other microbes. Fitness costs can have important evolutionary consequences in both natural plant populations and in agricultural contexts. Key Concepts Fitness costs of resistance are necessary for the long‐term maintenance of polymorphism, but their presence alone does not guarantee stable polymorphism. Host and pathogen life‐history traits and epidemiology interact with fitness costs of resistance to maintain polymorphism. When polymorphism is stable, the magnitude of costs determines the frequency of host resistance and pathogen virulence. Plants defend themselves in multiple ways and these carry different types of costs. Traits that reduce disease exposure by changing plant growth and phenology tend to be costly. Fitness costs of resistance can be constitutive or induced. Resistance to one type of pathogen can come at the cost of increased susceptibility to another type of pathogen. Costs of resistance and virulence play a role in coevolutionary dynamics in natural populations. In agricultural populations, costs of resistance and virulence can affect resistance breeding and the durability of resistance.

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Ecological and evolutionary effects of fragmentation on infectious disease dynamics

Cited by 182 publications

References 44 publications

An evolutionary ecology perspective to address forest pathology challenges of today and tomorrow

An evolutionary ecology perspective to address forest pathology challenges of today and tomorrow

Priority effects can persist across floral generations in nectar microbial metacommunities

Fitness Costs of Plant Disease Resistance

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