Ecological risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in the receiving environment of pharmaceutical wastewater in Pakistan

Ozonation and Photo-Driven Oxidation of Ciprofloxacin in Pharmaceutical Wastewater: Degradation Kinetics and Energy Requirements

“…However, the most significant compound detected is CIP, an antibiotic belong to the fluoroquinolone group. The concentration of this compound in the industrial water was 7.91 mg/L, which is extremely higher than the concentration reported in other studies [1,10,14].…”

“…However, these effluents are properly disposed of via incineration or similar advanced treatment technologies [13]. In under-developed countries like Pakistan, the pharma industry is making progress annually, but pharmaceutical companies do not abide by the environmental standards due to the lack of advanced treatment systems and release their untreated effluent into adjacent waterways [14]. Detected levels of antibiotics in different water bodies globally vary mainly from ng/L to the mg/L range.…”

Sorption of active pharmaceutical ingredients in untreated wastewater effluent and effect of dilution in freshwater: Implications for an “impact zone” environmental risk assessment approach

“…For instance, in the Nairobi River basin, Kenya, APIs were detected in concentrations ranging from ng L -1 to 160 µg L -1 (K'oreje et al, 2016, 2012Ngumba et al, 2016), in Nigeria, were reported individual concentrations above 50 µg L -1 (Olatunde et al, 2014), and again, in South Africa were detected concentrations of atenolol and ibuprofen up to 30 and 85 µg L -1 respectively Moodley, 2015, 2014;Matongo et al, 2015), and antiretroviral were quantified at concentrations up to hundreds of ng L -1 (Wood et al, 2015). Pharmaceutical factories wastewater was deemed as the cause of APIs concentrations up to mg L -1 in Pakistan (Ashfaq et al, 2017) and India (Larsson, 2014); and in tropical Asia, sulphonamides antibiotics in surface waters were found to be at higher concentrations than in high-income countries (Shimizu et al, 2013). In one reported case, the environmental risk assessment showed a potential for risk, and pharmaceutical manufactory wastewater contribution was deemed as important, as also evidenced by other investigations (Ashfaq et al, 2017;Larsson, 2014;Ngumba et al, 2016).…”

Utilização de carvão ativado de dendê in natura e funcionalizado em meio ácido na adsorção de paracetamol

“…Estudos mais recentes tem sido reportados sobre a detecção da presença de fármacos como ácido acetilsalicílico e salicílico, amlodipina, cafeína, carbamazepina, cetoprofeno, ciprofloxacina, diclofenaco, esparfloxacina, gemifloxacina, ibuprofeno, moxifloxacina, naproxeno, ofloxacina, paracetamol e rosuvastatina em águas superficiais e subterrâneas, indicando a limitação dos sistemas de tratamento de esgotos na remoção destes compostos recalcitrantes que podem se tornar um risco à saúde humana e ao ambiente aquático [2,3,4]. Embora as concentrações dos fármacos ainda sejam vestigiais no ambiente, acredita-se que estes possam atingir concentrações potencialmente tóxicas devido ao seu crescente consumo.…”