Ecological Study of Different Communities Site from District Lower Dir Laram Timargara Khyber Pakhtun Khwa Pakistan

Abstract

In the present research work the ecological community study was carried out of District Lower Dir Laram Timargara Khyber Pakhtun Khwa Pakistan. Salvia-Cynodon-Berberiscommunity (SCB). This community comprises a total of 24 plants species. Among these 16 are herbaceous plants, 8 are shrubby plants, while there is no single tree species found in this community. The community is dominated by Salvia moocruftianaWall, Cynodon dactylonand Berberis lyceum. The Species richness (S.R) is 1.31055873, similarity index (S.I) is 33.33333 and its Maturity index (M.I) is 49.Verbascum-Buddleja-Cotoneastercommunity (VBC).This community comprises a total of 23 plants species. Among these 10 are herbaceous, 8 are shrubby plants, while the remaining 5 plants are tree species. The community is dominated by Verbascum thapsus, Buddleja crispa and Cotoneaster nummularia.Species richness (S.R) of the community is 1.499237, similarity index (S.I) is 30.188679while its Maturity index (M.I) is 46.Cyperus-Calotropis-Ziziphuscommunity (CCZ).This community comprises a total of 32 plants species. Among these 20 are herbaceous, 8 are shrubby plants, while the remaining 5 plants are tree species. The community is dominated by Cypres rotundus, Calotropis procera and Cotoneaster nummularia. The Spcies richness (S.R) of the community is 1.146771, similarity index (SI) is 24.39024 and its Maturity index (M.I) is 58.3783. The aim of the present study to explore the flora of Laram Timargara Mountains.

Phytodiversity and Conservation Assessment of Ethnobotanically Significant Flora in Khall Hagram Dara, Lower Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

“…Precipitation is mostly received during the winter season in the form of raindrops and snowfall in December and January. The highest recorded rainfall in March was 242.22 mm (Ullah et al, 2019). Relative humidity ranges from 30% to 70%, with higher levels in December, January, February, and August (Murad et al, 2013).…”

“…These plant species have been used for food, medicine, animal fodder, construction, fibers, firewood, ritual, and ornamental purposes since ancient times (Khan et al, 2018b). Additionally, these plants have a strong influence on ecosystems and play an important role in the socioeconomic development of the country (Ullah et al, 2019). In such conditions, the study of phytodiversity or biodiversity is important for the stability and proper functioning of the ecosystem (Shuaib et al, 2014).…”