Ecological Validation of Machine Learning Models for Spatiotemporal Gait Analysis in Free-Living Environments Using Instrumented Insoles

Duong, Ton T. H.; Uher, David; Montes, Jacqueline; Zanotto, Damiano

doi:10.1109/lra.2022.3188895

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Some studies have proposed to use a multi-technology approach for gait analysis ( Schepers et al, 2009 ; Van Meulen et al, 2016 ; Li et al, 2018 ; Refai et al, 2018 ; Tang et al, 2019 ; Duong et al, 2022 ), but very few studies characterized the performance of those systems in estimating DMOs against a ground truth reference. An interesting but preliminary study was presented by Li and colleagues ( Li et al, 2018 ), who developed a multi-sensor system including three force sensors (positioned at the heel, arch and forefoot to detect IC and FC), an IMU and four range sensors for each foot.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To overcome the intrinsic technological limitations of the aforementioned systems, the simultaneous integration of complementary sensing approaches and the exploitation of data redundancy to improve methods employed and optimize performance may be beneficial. In this regard, several research and consumer-grade systems integrating pressure insoles with IMUs attached to the feet have been proposed ( Salis et al, 2021b ; Duong et al, 2022 ; Refai et al, 2018 ; Feetme Devices, 2022b ; NURVV, 2022 ). Based on this sensor configuration, Duong and colleagues ( Duong et al, 2022 ) have proposed a machine learning model for spatial-temporal gait analysis (SportSole II).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this regard, several research and consumer-grade systems integrating pressure insoles with IMUs attached to the feet have been proposed ( Salis et al, 2021b ; Duong et al, 2022 ; Refai et al, 2018 ; Feetme Devices, 2022b ; NURVV, 2022 ). Based on this sensor configuration, Duong and colleagues ( Duong et al, 2022 ) have proposed a machine learning model for spatial-temporal gait analysis (SportSole II). The method’s accuracy was validated in terms of mean absolute percentage errors on eleven healthy young adults during simple straight and curvilinear walking, whereas ecological validation was performed in terms of DMOs agreement between spatial-temporal parameters estimated in laboratory and real-world conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A multi-sensor wearable system for the assessment of diseased gait in real-world conditions

Salis,

Bertuletti,

Bonci

et al. 2023

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Introduction: Accurately assessing people’s gait, especially in real-world conditions and in case of impaired mobility, is still a challenge due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors resulting in gait complexity. To improve the estimation of gait-related digital mobility outcomes (DMOs) in real-world scenarios, this study presents a wearable multi-sensor system (INDIP), integrating complementary sensing approaches (two plantar pressure insoles, three inertial units and two distance sensors).Methods: The INDIP technical validity was assessed against stereophotogrammetry during a laboratory experimental protocol comprising structured tests (including continuous curvilinear and rectilinear walking and steps) and a simulation of daily-life activities (including intermittent gait and short walking bouts). To evaluate its performance on various gait patterns, data were collected on 128 participants from seven cohorts: healthy young and older adults, patients with Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, and proximal femur fracture. Moreover, INDIP usability was evaluated by recording 2.5-h of real-world unsupervised activity.Results and discussion: Excellent absolute agreement (ICC >0.95) and very limited mean absolute errors were observed for all cohorts and digital mobility outcomes (cadence ≤0.61 steps/min, stride length ≤0.02 m, walking speed ≤0.02 m/s) in the structured tests. Larger, but limited, errors were observed during the daily-life simulation (cadence 2.72–4.87 steps/min, stride length 0.04–0.06 m, walking speed 0.03–0.05 m/s). Neither major technical nor usability issues were declared during the 2.5-h acquisitions. Therefore, the INDIP system can be considered a valid and feasible solution to collect reference data for analyzing gait in real-world conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

A multi-sensor wearable system for the assessment of diseased gait in real-world conditions

Salis,

Bertuletti,

Bonci

et al. 2023

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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show abstract

“…Some studies have proposed to use a multi-technology approach for gait analysis (Duong et al 2022;Refai et al 2019;Schepers et al 2009;Van Meulen et al 2016;Tang 2019;Li et al 2018), but very few studies characterized the performance of those systems in estimating DMOs against a ground truth reference. An interesting but preliminary study was presented by Li and colleagues (Li et al 2018), who developed a multi-sensor system including three force sensors (positioned at the heel, arch and forefoot to detect IC and FC), an IMU and four range sensors for each foot.…”

Section: Comparison With the Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…proposed by Duong and colleagues (SportSole II) (Duong et al 2022). It includes two instrumented insoles, with eight force sensitive resistor elements, each connected to an IMU attached to the shoe.…”

Section: Comparison With the Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

A multi-sensor wearable system for gait assessment in real-world conditions: performance in individuals with impaired mobility

Salis¹,

Bertuletti²,

Bonci³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Accurately assessing people’s gait, especially in real-world conditions and in case of impaired mobility, is still a challenge due to intrinsic and extrinsic factors resulting in gait complexity. To improve the estimation of gait-related digital mobility outcomes (DMOs) in real-world scenarios, this study presents a wearable multi-sensor system (INDIP), integrating complementary sensing approaches (two plantar pressure insoles, three inertial units and two distance sensors). The INDIP technical validity was assessed against stereophotogrammetry during a laboratory experimental protocol comprising structured tests (including continuous curvilinear and rectilinear walking and steps) and a simulation of daily-life activities (SDA, including intermittent gait and short walking bouts). To evaluate its performance on various gait patterns, data were collected on 128 participants from seven cohorts: healthy young and older adults, patients with Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, and proximal femur fracture. Moreover, INDIP usability was evaluated by recording 2.5-hours of real-world unsupervised activity. Excellent absolute agreement (ICC > 0.95) and very limited mean absolute errors were observed for all cohorts and DMOs (cadence ≤ 0.61 steps/min, stride length ≤ 0.02 m, walking speed ≤ 0.02 m/s) in the structured tests. Larger, but limited, errors were observed during the SDA (cadence 2.72–4.87 steps/min, stride length 0.04–0.06 m, walking speed 0.03–0.05 m/s). Neither major technical nor usability issues were declared during the 2.5-hours acquisitions. Therefore, the INDIP system can be considered a valid and feasible solution to collect reference data for analyzing gait in real-world conditions.

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Instrumented insoles for assessment of gait in patients with vestibular schwannoma

et al. 2023

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Background Imbalance and gait disturbances are common in patients with vestibular schwannoma (VS) and can result in significant morbidity. Current methods for quantitative gait analysis are cumbersome and difficult to implement. Here, we use custom-engineered instrumented insoles to evaluate the gait of patients diagnosed with VS. Methods Twenty patients with VS were recruited from otology, neurosurgery, and radiation oncology clinics at a tertiary referral center. Functional gait assessment (FGA), 2-minute walk test (2MWT), and uneven surface walk test (USWT) were performed. Custom-engineered instrumented insoles, equipped with an 8-cell force sensitive resistor (FSR) and a 9-degree-of-freedom inertial measurement unit (IMU), were used to collect stride-by-stride spatiotemporal gait parameters, from which mean values and coefficients of variation (CV) were determined for each patient. Results FGA scores were significantly correlated with gait metrics obtained from the 2MWT and USWT, including stride length, stride velocity, normalized stride length, normalized stride velocity, stride length CV, and stride velocity CV. Tumor diameter was negatively associated with stride time and swing time on the 2MWT; no such association existed between tumor diameter and FGA or DHI. Conclusions Instrumented insoles may unveil associations between VS tumor size and gait dysfunction that cannot be captured by standardized clinical assessments and self-reported questionnaires.

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Ecological Validation of Machine Learning Models for Spatiotemporal Gait Analysis in Free-Living Environments Using Instrumented Insoles

Cited by 9 publications

References 44 publications

A multi-sensor wearable system for the assessment of diseased gait in real-world conditions

A multi-sensor wearable system for the assessment of diseased gait in real-world conditions

A multi-sensor wearable system for gait assessment in real-world conditions: performance in individuals with impaired mobility

Instrumented insoles for assessment of gait in patients with vestibular schwannoma

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