Ecology and Evolution of Galling Thrips and Their Allies

Crespi, Bernard J.; Carmean, David; Chapman, Thomas

doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.42.1.51

Cited by 127 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…This can be taken as an indication of phylogenetic inertia and constraints in host use. A similar combination of conservatism and promiscuity in host use has been observed in galling thrips (Crespi et al 1997).…”

Section: Host-plant Relationshipssupporting

confidence: 63%

Evolution of Gall Morphology and Host-Plant Relationships in Willow-Feeding Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)

2000

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Abstract. There are over 200 species of nematine sawflies that induce galls on willows (Salix spp.). Most of the species are mono-or oligophagous, and they can be separated into seven or eight different groups based on the type of gall that they induce. We studied the evolution of different gall types and host plant associations by reconstructing the phylogeny of five outgroup and 31 ingroup species using DNA sequence data from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Maximum-parsimony and maximum-likelihood analyses resulted in essentially the same phylogeny with high support for important branches. The results show that: (1) the galling species probably form a monophyletic group; (2) true closed galls evolved only once, via leaf folders; (3) with the possible exception of leaf rollers, all gall type groups are mono-or paraphyletic; (4) similar gall types are closer on the phylogeny than would be expected by a random process; (5) there is an apparent evolutionary trend in galling site from the leaf edge towards the more central parts of the host plant; and (6) many willow species have been colonized several times, which excludes the possiblity of parallel cladogenesis between willows and the gallers; however, there are signs of restrictions in the evolution of host use. Many of the patterns in the evolutionary history of nematine gallers have also been observed in earlier studies on other insect gallers, indicating convergent evolution between the independent radiations.Key words. Coevolution, convergent evolution, evolutionary trends, extended phenotypes, gall morphology, gradualism, insect-plant relationships, Nematinae, phylogeny.Received June 1, 1999. Accepted October 11, 1999.The habit of galling has evolved many times independently in various organisms (Meyer 1987). In insects alone, gall induction has evolved in at least seven different orders, and in most of them several radiations have arisen (Meyer 1987; Dreger-Jauffret and Shorthouse 1992). The multiple origins of galling makes it possible to search for convergent features in these independent evolutionary histories. Indeed, recent phylogenetic analyses of gall-inducing aphids (Stern 1995), wasps (Stone and Cook 1998), and thrips (Crespi and Worobey 1998) have shown that common features exist in separate radiations. For example, in all these taxa gall morphology is determined mainly by the galler, not the host plant, and thus the gall can be considered an extended phenotype (sensu Dawkins 1982) of the galler.The nematine sawflies that induce galls on willows (Salix spp.) also offer a good model system for the study of evolutionary questions, especially questions about the evolution of different gall types and host plant associations (Price 1992). These sawflies belong to the tenthredinid subfamily Nematinae, which is comprised of hundreds of galling and nongalling species (Smith 1979;Gauld and Bolton 1988). There are about 200 species of galling nematines, most of which are mono-or oligophagous (Smith 1970;Price et al. 1994). Like their host plants, thes...

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Section: Host-plant Relationshipssupporting

confidence: 63%

Evolution of Gall Morphology and Host-Plant Relationships in Willow-Feeding Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)

2000

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“…For example, over 5500 species of thrips have been described thus far (Morse and Hoddle, 2006). They function in multiple important roles such as: (1) effective transmitters of pollen during feeding (Terry, 2001;Terry, 2002), (2) invasive pests of agriculturally important plants (Crespi et al, 1997;Palmer et al, 1990) and (3) biological vectors of microbial plant pathogens such as Tospoviruses (Ullman et al, 2002;Jones, 2005). Parasitoid wasps consist of a dozen hymenopteran superfamilies that include some of the smallest insects, such as Mymar sp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clap and fling mechanism with interacting porous wings in tiny insect flight

Santhanakrishnan

Robinson

Jones

et al. 2014

Journal of Experimental Biology

118

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The aerodynamics of flapping flight for the smallest insects such as thrips is often characterized by a 'clap and fling' of the wings at the end of the upstroke and the beginning of the downstroke. These insects fly at Reynolds numbers (Re) of the order of 10 or less where viscous effects are significant. Although this wing motion is known to augment the lift generated during flight, the drag required to fling the wings apart at this scale is an order of magnitude larger than the corresponding force acting on a single wing. As the opposing forces acting normal to each wing nearly cancel during the fling, these large forces do not have a clear aerodynamic benefit. If flight efficiency is defined as the ratio of lift to drag, the clap and fling motion dramatically reduces efficiency relative to the case of wings that do not aerodynamically interact. In this paper, the effect of a bristled wing characteristic of many of these insects was investigated using computational fluid dynamics. We performed 2D numerical simulations using a porous version of the immersed boundary method. Given the computational complexity involved in modeling flow through exact descriptions of bristled wings, the wing was modeled as a homogeneous porous layer as a first approximation. High-speed video recordings of free-flying thrips in take-off flight were captured in the laboratory, and an analysis of the wing kinematics was performed. This information was used for the estimation of input parameters for the simulations. Compared with a solid wing (without bristles), the results of the study show that the porous nature of the wings contributes largely to drag reduction across the Re range explored. The aerodynamic efficiency, calculated as the ratio of lift to drag coefficients, was larger for some porosities when compared with solid wings.

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“…Morphogens (as yet uncharacterized), which are probably secreted by the larva, are thought to control the type and structure of plant tissues forming the gall (Rohfritsh 1992), whereas the ovipositional behaviour of the female determines how many larvae develop within a single gall. Gall structures, although constructed of plant tissues, thus represent the extended phenotypes of gallwasp genes (Stern 1995;Crespi et al 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The structure of cynipid oak galls: patterns in the evolution of an extended phenotype

Stone¹,

Cook

1998

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

177

204

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Galls are highly specialized plant tissues whose development is induced by another organism. The most complex and diverse galls are those induced on oak trees by gallwasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), each species inducing a characteristic gall structure. Debate continues over the possible adaptive signi¢cance of gall structural traits; some protect the gall inducer from attack by natural enemies, although the adaptive signi¢cance of others remains undemonstrated. Several gall traits are shared by groups of oak gallwasp species. It remains unknown whether shared traits represent (i) limited divergence from a shared ancestral gall form, or (ii) multiple cases of independent evolution. Here we map gall character states onto a molecular phylogeny of the oak cynipid genus Andricus, and demonstrate three features of the evolution of gall structure: (i) closely related species generally induce galls of similar structure; (ii) despite this general pattern, closely related species can induce markedly di¡erent galls; and (iii) several gall traits (the presence of many larval chambers in a single gall structure, surface resins, surface spines and internal air spaces) of demonstrated or suggested adaptive value to the gallwasp have evolved repeatedly. We discuss these results in the light of existing hypotheses on the adaptive signi¢cance of gall structure.

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Ecology and Evolution of Galling Thrips and Their Allies

Cited by 127 publications

References 61 publications

Evolution of Gall Morphology and Host-Plant Relationships in Willow-Feeding Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)

Evolution of Gall Morphology and Host-Plant Relationships in Willow-Feeding Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)

Clap and fling mechanism with interacting porous wings in tiny insect flight

The structure of cynipid oak galls: patterns in the evolution of an extended phenotype

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