Ecology and evolution of rabies virus in Europe

Bourhy, Hervé; Kissi, B.; Audry, Laurent; Smreczak, Marcin; Sadkowska-Todys, Małgorzata; Kulonen, Katariina; Tordo, Noël; Zmudzinski, J.F.; Holmes, Edward C.

doi:10.1099/0022-1317-80-10-2545

Cited by 245 publications

(199 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The first contains isolates from the west of the country from major population centers, including Izmir and Bursa, and stretching across the Bosporus Straits to Istanbul. This implies that the movement of animals by humans has clearly assisted the movement of rabies-infected animals because a body of water this size would be expected to block movement of the vector (Bourhy et al, 1999). Two RABV isolates from the Samsun area on the northern coast, which were isolated in 1989, cluster in this group indicating that this area is linked to the western region and that they share a common ancestor to this group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This presents a challenge to epidemiologists tracking the disease in new populations. Molecular epidemiology offers an approach to investigating the spread of RABV (Bourhy et al, 1999), the existence of rabies within multiple hosts (von Teichmann et al, 1995;de Mattos et al, 2000), and is suited to studying the emergence of rabies in new hosts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rabies Emergence Among Foxes in Turkey

Johnson

Black

Smith

et al. 2003

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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Sixteen rabies isolates recently collected from mainland Turkey and two isolates held within a British archive were used to form a representative cohort from a range of vectors, and were analyzed to identify potential causes for an increase of rabies within the fox (Vulpes vulpes) population in Turkey. Each isolate was characterized by sequence analysis of the nucleoprotein gene and compared phylogenetically to the cohort, to isolates from neighboring countries and to isolates from continental Europe and Russia. From this analysis the isolates could be divided into three groups associated with geographic location. This included a western group, an eastern group, and one isolate that did not group with any other Turkish isolate. This observation was also found using the heteroduplex mobility assay as an alternative method for typing rabies virus isolates. Further comparison with isolates from neighboring countries suggests that this isolate was related to viruses present in Georgia and could represent a recent import to Turkey from that country. Within the two larger groups, sequence data were obtained from both infected dogs and foxes suggesting that there has been transmission of virus between these two species. The direction of transmission could not be identified by the phylogenetic analysis, although absence of rabies within the fox population in previous years suggests that this could represent a recent spillover from the domestic dog to the fox.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rabies Emergence Among Foxes in Turkey

Johnson

Black

Smith

et al. 2003

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…RT-PCRs and sequencing reactions were performed as described previously Kissi et al, 1995Kissi et al, , 1999. Additional primers used in this study were N127 (59-ATGTAACACCTCTACAATGG-39), N8m (59-CAGTCTCYTCN-GCCATCTC-39), N42 (59-CACATYTTGRTGAGTTGTCA-39), N577 (59-AAGATGTGYGCYAAYTGGAG-39), GAS (59-TCCTCAATTGA-ACCCCTTCT-39), G310AS (59-GTGTAGGGCGAAAGTGCTTT-39) and G1311AS (59-TGCACATCAGGAAGGTGCA-39), at positions 55-74, 1568-1586, 633-651, 644-663, 5850-5869, 3624-3643 and 4625-4643, respectively, of the lyssavirus genome (Delmas et al, 2008).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary history and dynamics of dog rabies virus in western and central Africa

Talbi

Holmes

Benedictis

et al. 2009

Journal of General Virology

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102

104

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The burden of rabies in Africa is estimated at 24 000 human deaths year "1 , almost all of which result from infection with dog rabies viruses (RABV). To investigate the evolutionary dynamics of RABV in western and central Africa, 92 isolates sampled from 27 African countries over 29 years were collected and sequenced. This revealed that RABV currently circulating in dogs in this region fell into a single lineage designated 'Africa 2'. A detailed analysis of the phylogeographical structure of this Africa 2 lineage revealed strong population subdivision at the country level, with only limited movement of virus among localities, including a possible east-to-west spread across Africa. In addition, Bayesian coalescent analysis suggested that the Africa 2 lineage was introduced into this region of Africa only recently (probably ,200 years ago), in accordance with the timescale of expanding European colonial influence and urbanization, and then spread relatively slowly, perhaps occupying the entire region in a 100 year period.

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“…La infección con virus rábicos ocurre en dos formas epidemiológicas diferentes: a) la rabia urbana, con el perro como principal reservorio y transmisor de la enfermedad a los humanos, y b) la rabia silvestre con especies depredadoras como los felinos y animales como el zorro, el vampiro, el chacal y otros que actúan como reservorios y transmisores principalmente a especies herbívoras. Eventualmente ocurre la transmisión de la rabia entre los dos ciclos epidemiológicos (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9), lo que resalta el riesgo que la enfermedad en cualquier especie animal presenta para los humanos. De las 1.000 especies de murciélagos registradas en el mundo (10), sólo tres se alimentan de sangre de vertebrados (11,12) y habitan exclusivamente en América Latina (13).…”

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