Economic analysis of data center cooling strategies

Cho, Kyuman; Chang, Hyun-Jae; Jung, Yong-Ho; Yoon, Yoojung

doi:10.1016/j.scs.2017.03.008

Cited by 42 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Additionally, supercomputer architecture, parallel science, and parallel software development can provide opportunities for energy conservation [11][12][13][14]. For energy conservation of ACS, there are four main considerations: (1) appropriate cooling strategy [15]; (2) good layout design and air flow distribution for computer rooms [16,17]; (3) economizer cycles [18,19]; and (4) simulation-based control [20]. In addition to these, the use of heat pipes [5,[21][22][23] and free-cooling [24][25][26] in data centers was also attempted.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Configuration Optimization Model for Data-Center-Park-Integrated Energy Systems under Economic, Reliability, and Environmental Considerations

Liu

et al. 2020

Energies

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The analysis of energy configuration in the planning of data-center-park-integrated energy systems (DCP-IESs) has become an enormous challenge, owing to multi-energy complementarity, energy cascade use, and energy security. In this study, a configuration model of DCP-IESs was established to obtain the economic and low-carbon energy uses of the data centers, based on mixed integer linear programming. In the model, carbon emissions were converted to economic indicators through carbon pricing. Then, the configuration model was modified according to the security of the proposed device switching logic, and the Markov-based reliability estimation method was used to ensure the redundant design of the configuration. Using the new energy configuration method, the DCP-IES configuration scheme could be obtained under economical, low-carbon, and high reliability conditions. A data center park in Shanghai was selected as a case study, and the results are as follows: it will only take 2.88 years for the economics of DCP-IES to reach those of traditional data center energy systems. Additionally, the use of configuration model in DCP-IES would result in a reduction in annual carbon emissions of 39,323 tons, with a power usage effectiveness of 1.388, whereas an increase in reliability results in an increasingly faster increase in the initial investment cost.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Equation (14) indicates that the output power of cooling storage at time t must be less than the maximum power of cooling storage. Equation (15) means that the cooling storage for one day cannot be used for the next day. In summary, Equation (2) is dependent on Equations (7)-(15).…”

Section: Configuration Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Configuration Optimization Model for Data-Center-Park-Integrated Energy Systems under Economic, Reliability, and Environmental Considerations

Liu

et al. 2020

Energies

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“…They identified the economic advantage of using WSE applications because of increased energy costs for ASEs due to humidification and dehumidification requirements and higher initial cost. Cho et al [18] compared ASEs, WSEs, and combinations of them for a DC that operates at relatively low temperatures (5 • C chilled water temperature ( T chw )). They concluded that an ASE with additional mechanical cooling is the most economical option.…”

Section: Racks R R R R Ra a A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Amentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Table 4 lists the economic lives of various equipment, which appear to be typically greater than 15 years. 18 Spangler and Jeffers assumed 15 years of economic life for the TCO analysis assessing the economic benefit of two economizer applications in DCs [17]. Hence, 15 years of life for economic assessment is a reasonable assumption for this study.…”

Section: Discount and Inflation Ratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy and economic assessment of major free cooling retrofits for data centersin Turkey

Gozcu¹,

Erden²

2019

Turk J Elec Eng & Comp Sci

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Mechanical cooling is responsible for a significant fraction of the energy consumption of data centers (DCs). Free cooling systems take advantage of ambient conditions to reduce the need for compressor-based cooling. This study utilizes thermodynamic models of major free cooling systems such as the direct air-side economizer (ASE), indirect air-side economizer (IASE), indirect evaporative cooler (IEC), and indirect water-side economizer (WSE) integrated with the existing cooling infrastructure of a typical 1 MW IT load DC. Proposed models utilize hourly weather data of various cities in Turkey to compute annual energy consumption and cost-saving potentials of each free cooling method with respect to the baseline DC with both open aisle (OA) and enclosed aisle (EA). Results confirm the energy-saving potential by IEC leading to less than 10% of annual chiller hours across Turkey and less than 1% in half of the ten cities studied, especially in EA DCs. However, despite greater energy-saving potential, IEC has more extended payback periods of 1.5 to 3.7 years due to the high capital investment compared with those of ASE and WSE with less than 1.4 years.

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“…2019, 9, 3850 2 of 30 the world host on their servers organizations with databases, every Internet website, and cloud services. Data centers are consuming more and more electricity worldwide [4][5][6]. In 2012, the entire consumption of data centers was assessed to be near 270 TWh [7].…”

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confidence: 99%

A Parametric Numerical Study of the Airflow and Thermal Performance in a Real Data Center for Improving Sustainability

et al. 2019

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In recent years, reducing energy consumption has been relentlessly pursued by researchers and policy makers with the purpose of achieving a more sustainable future. The demand for data storage in data centers has been steadily increasing, leading to an increase in size and therefore to consume more energy. Consequently, the reduction of the energy consumption of data center rooms is required and it is with this perspective that this paper is proposed. By using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), it is possible to model a three-dimensional model of the heat transfer and air flow in data centers, which allows forecasting the air speed and temperature range under diverse conditions of operation. In this paper, a CFD study of the thermal performance and airflow in a real data center processing room with 208 racks under different thermal loads and airflow velocities is proposed. The physical-mathematical model relies on the equations of mass, momentum and energy conservation. The fluid in this study is air and it is modeled as an ideal gas with constant properties. The model of the effect of turbulence is made by employing a k-ε standard model. The results indicate that it is possible to reduce the thermal load of the server racks by improving the thermal performance and airflow of the data center room, without affecting the correct operation of the server racks located in the sensible regions of the room. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 3850 2 of 30 the world host on their servers organizations with databases, every Internet website, and cloud services. Data centers are consuming more and more electricity worldwide [4][5][6]. In 2012, the entire consumption of data centers was assessed to be near 270 TWh [7]. ICT are responsible for roughly 10% of worldwide power consumption and 13-15% of this consumption is due to data centers [8][9][10][11]. It is expected that this consumption will only grow in the near future, thus challenging sustainability goals [12]. In a study where projections up to 2030 are made, data centers could consume, in the best case scenario 3% and in the worst case scenario 13% of the worldwide electricity production [13]. The main factor of such a high level of energy use is the consumption of air conditioning systems, which, given the type of ICT equipment, could account for 24-60% of the entire data center's energy consumption [14].Data centers are required to follow rigorous technical specifications with the purpose of guaranteeing their optimal operation and security, and engineers need to sure that the ICT equipment should operate without experiencing any loss of performance or interruption. Thus, thermal engineers have a crucial importance in the design of data centers. The reason is that data centers generate a high quantity of heat and need to be refrigerated in order to avert any loss of performance or failures, thus signifying that the power consumption is high [15].Data center rooms are comprised of racks hosting servers with distinct configurations and distinct capacities. To keep the productiv...

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Economic analysis of data center cooling strategies

Cited by 42 publications

References 24 publications

Configuration Optimization Model for Data-Center-Park-Integrated Energy Systems under Economic, Reliability, and Environmental Considerations

Configuration Optimization Model for Data-Center-Park-Integrated Energy Systems under Economic, Reliability, and Environmental Considerations

Energy and economic assessment of major free cooling retrofits for data centersin Turkey

A Parametric Numerical Study of the Airflow and Thermal Performance in a Real Data Center for Improving Sustainability

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