Economic and Adaptation Costs of Climate Change: Case Study of Indramayu, West Java Indonesia

Abstract

ECONOMIC AND ADAPTATION COSTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE: CASE STUDY OF INDRAMAYU, WEST JAVA INDONESIA Abstract Climate change is already occurring. In Indonesia, many evidences such as changing rainfall patterns in many parts of the country (e.g., Sumatra and Java) indicate the impacts of global climate change on Indonesian climate. This new climate regime eventually will influence water availability in many parts of the country. This paper discusses economic loss (unit cost) incurred on major economic sectors (i.e., agriculture, fishery, drinking water, and health) of Indramayu districts – West Java Indonesia due to flood and drought as an approximation to quantify potential economic consequences of climate change. The estimation was based on discussions with the local authorities and communities (field survey) in 2008. The unit costs were estimated based on rice production loss (agriculture), milk fish and prawn production loss (fishery), additional costs for clean water supply (drinking water), and additional incidences of dengue fever (DBD) and diarrhea (health). Seven adaptation options and their estimated costs are also proposed to cope with flood and drought in the region. The options are: construction of a reservoir, change of cropping pattern, rehabilitation of irrigation canals, improvement of irrigation canals (cementing the canals), improvement of drainage system, normalization of rivers, and implementation of system rice intensification (SRI). Potential benefits from each adaptation are also discussed. Such discussion, together with estimated adaptation costs, will be useful for further evaluation to measure the net benefits from each adaptation, which can be helpful to assist decision makers in choosing plausible adaptation options for their region. Keywords: climate change, economic costs, adaptation BIAYA EKONOMI DAN ADAPTASI PERUBAHAN IKLIM: STUDI KASUS KABUPATEN INDRAMAYU, JAWA BARAT, INDONESIA Abstrak Perubahan iklim telah terjadi. Di Indonesia, dampak perubahan iklim global dapat dindikasikan dengan adanya perubahan pola curah hujan yang terjadi di berbagai daerah, misalnya Sumatera dan Jawa. Perubahan pola hujan tersebut pada akhirnya dapat mempengaruhi ketersediaan air di berbagai daerah. Tulisan ini membahas kerugian ekonomi (biaya satuan) yang terjadi pada sektor utama perekonomian (pertanian, perikanan, air minum dan kesehatan) di Kabupaten Indramayu - Jawa Barat, akibat dari kejadian banjir dan kekeringan yang digunakan sebagai pendekatan untuk mengukur dampak ekonomi yang terjadi akibat perubahan iklim. Penilaian dampak tersebut didasarkan pada diskusi dengan pemerintah daerah dan masyarakat setempat saat survey lapang di tahun 2008. Perkiraan biaya satuan didasarkan pada kerugian produksi beras (pertanian), produksi ikan bandeng dan udang (perikanan), biaya tambahan untuk penyediaan air bersih (air minum), insiden tambahan penyakit demam berdarah dan diare (kesehatan). Untuk mengatasi banjir dan kekeringan di wilayah tersebut, diusulkan tujuh pilihan adaptasi serta perkiraan biayanya. Adaptasi tersebut adalah: pembangunan waduk, perubahan pola tanam, rehabilitasi saluran irigasi, peningkatan saluran irigasi (penyemenan/penguatan saluran), peningkatan sistem drainase, normalisasi sungai, dan implementasi system of rice intencification (SRI). Potensi manfaat dari masing-masing adaptasi juga dibahas dalam tulisan ini. Hasil diskusi dan perkiraan biaya adaptasi yang dibahas di dalam tulisan ini, diharapkan dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan dasar untuk kegiatan lanjutan yang terkait dengan penilaian manfaat atau keuntungan berbagai pilihan adaptasi, sehingga dapat membantu para pembuat keputusan dalam memilih berbagai pilihan adaptasi yang sesuai dengan daerahnya. Kata kunci: perubahan iklim, biaya ekonomi, adaptasi

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