Economic and environmental scheduling of smart homes with microgrid: DER operation and electrical tasks

Abstract

Mixed integer linear programming (MILP) a b s t r a c tMicrogrids are promising in reducing energy consumption and carbon emissions, compared with the current centralised energy generation systems. Smart homes are becoming popular for their lower energy cost and provision of comfort. Flexible energy-consuming household tasks can be scheduled coordinately among multiple smart homes to reduce economic cost and CO 2 . However, the electricity tariff is not always positively correlated with CO 2 intensity. In this work, a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model is proposed to schedule the energy consumption within smart homes using a microgrid system. The daily power consumption tasks are scheduled by coupling environmental and economic sustainability in a multi-objective optimisation with e-constraint method. The two conflicting objectives are to minimise the daily energy cost and CO 2 emissions. Distributed energy resources (DER) operation and electricity-consumption household tasks are scheduled based on electricity tariff, CO 2 intensity and electricity task time window. The proposed model is implemented on a smart building of 30 homes under three different price schemes. Electricity tariff and CO 2 intensity profiles of the UK are employed for the case study. The Pareto curves for cost and CO 2 emissions present the trade-off between the two conflicting objectives.

Scheduling Distributed Energy Resource Operation and Daily Power Consumption for a Smart Building to Optimize Economic and Environmental Parameters

“…Each building also has one ESS with a 10 kW e capacity [32], 98% charge/discharge efficiency, 20 kW th discharge and charge limits and a maintenance cost of 0.1 p/kW th . The grid connection has the ability to import/export energy to/from the main grid.…”

“…For the peak demand charge tariff, the agreed-upon threshold is 30 kW e [32]; the extra fee that must be paid above this threshold is 5 p/kWh e ; and the price for selling energy to the grid is 1 p/kWh e . For the RTP scheme, the objective is to minimize CO 2 emissions and the total daily CO 2 cost under real-time electricity prices as shown in Equation (13), subject to Equations (1)- (9).…”

“…The aim of the multi-objective problem in [30] was to minimize the total generation cost for the units and the total amount of pollution in multiple microgrids. The authors of [32] proposed energy consumption scheduling for a smart building of units with the same habits with the aim of reducing CO 2 and cost saving without considering user preferences and renewable energy. They failed to analyse the uncontrollable DERs of such homogeneous buildings.…”

“…In order to avoid damaging the ESS, the rates of electricity charge/discharge cannot exceed the energy storage limits [32], respectively, defined by the battery manufacturer:…”

Orchestrating an Effective Formulation to Investigate the Impact of EMSs (Energy Management Systems) for Residential Units Prior to Installation

“…Its installation cost is maximum, but in the long run, this seems to be a vital solution regarding most of the energy problems [33,38,39]. Shortening the logical scheduling window enforces less delay in appliances' ToU, while integration of an energy storage system helps in normalizing electricity consumption peaks.…”