“…The Central Valley of California is an example where groundwater consumption has been estimated to be annually around 60% of the total water storage changes (snow water equivalent, surface water, soil moisture, and groundwater) in the basin (Famiglietti et al, 2011). Intensive groundwater withdrawals in the valley have contributed to depletion of streams (Fleckenstein et al, 2004), subsidence and irreversibly reducing storage (Farr & Liu, 2015;Faunt et al, 2016), drying up of wells and increased cost of pumping (Nelson et al, 2016), and disconnection of stream-aquifer systems (Bolger et al, 2011;Dogrul et al, 2016), among others. All these studies emphasize that the groundwater resources are under high pressure, their sustainability is at risk, and therefore, they need to be replenished as soon as possible.…”