Economic, Ecological, Food Safety, and Social Consequences of the Deployment of Bt Transgenic Plants

Shelton, Anthony M.; Zhao, Jian-Zhou; Roush, Richard T.

doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145309

Cited by 682 publications

(414 citation statements)

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“…The present insect-resistant crops (maize and cotton) express proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and were grown on nearly 70 million ha in 27 countries in 2012 (James 2012). Although Bt crops have provided many benefits to the economy, human health and the environment (Shelton et al 2002), the potential effect of Bt crops on non-target organisms continues to be debated. Most of these debates focus on natural enemies, which play an important role in pest control (Kennedy 2008;Romeis et al 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eliminating host-mediated effects demonstrates Bt maize producing Cry1F has no adverse effects on the parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris

et al. 2013

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The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda ( J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is an important pest of maize in the United States and many tropical areas in the western hemisphere. In 2001, Herculex I® (Cry1F) maize was commercially planted in the United States to control Lepidoptera, including S. frugiperda. In 2006, a population of S. frugiperda was discovered in Puerto Rico that had evolved resistance to Cry1F maize in the field, making it the first well-documented case of an insect with field resistance to a plant producing protein from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Using this resistant population, we conducted tri-trophic studies with a natural enemy of S. frugiperda. By using resistantS. frugiperda, we were able to overcome possible prey-mediated effects and avoid concerns about potential differences in laboratory-or field-derived Bt resistance. We used the Cry1F-resistant S. frugiperda to evaluate effects of Cry1F on Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a larval endoparasitoid of S. frugiperda, over five generations. Our results clearly demonstrate that Cry1F maize does not affect development, parasitism, survivorship, sex ratio, longevity or fecundity of C. marginiventris when they parasitize Cry1F maize-fed S. frugiperda.Furthermore, the level of Cry1F protein in the leaves was strongly diluted when transferred from Bt maize to S. frugiperda and was not detected in larvae, cocoons or adults of C. marginiventris. Our results refute previous reports of C. marginiventris being harmed by Bt proteins and suggest that such results were caused by prey-mediated effects due to using Bt-susceptible lepidopteran hosts. RightsWorks produced by employees of the U.S. Government as part of their official duties are not copyrighted within the U.S. The content of this document is not copyrighted. Abstract The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is an important pest of maize in the United States and many tropical areas in the western hemisphere. In 2001, Herculex I Ò (Cry1F) maize was commercially planted in the United States to control Lepidoptera, including S. frugiperda. In 2006, a population of S. frugiperda was discovered in Puerto Rico that had evolved resistance to Cry1F maize in the field, making it the first well-documented case of an insect with field resistance to a plant producing protein from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Using this resistant population, we conducted tri-trophic studies with a natural enemy of S. frugiperda. By using resistant S. frugiperda, we were able to overcome possible prey-mediated effects and avoid concerns about potential differences in laboratory-or field-derived Bt resistance. We used the Cry1F-resistant S. frugiperda to evaluate effects of Cry1F on Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a larval endoparasitoid of S. frugiperda, over five generations. Our results clearly demonstrate that Cry1F maize does not affect development, parasitism, survivorship, sex ratio, longevity or fecundity ...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eliminating host-mediated effects demonstrates Bt maize producing Cry1F has no adverse effects on the parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris

et al. 2013

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“…Bioinsecticides based either on a spore and crystal mixture or the heterologous expression of cry genes in microorganisms (18,31) as well as in plants (33) have been efficiently used for controlling important agricultural pests and mosquitoes. Early attempts to control the sugarcane borer with B. thuringiensis subsp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Brazilian Bacillus thuringiensis strain highly active to sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

Gitahy¹,

De-Souza²,

Monnerat³

et al. 2007

Braz. J. Microbiol.

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The control of the major sugarcane pest, Diatraea saccharalis, is limited by the stem location of the caterpillar. As part of a long-term project towards the development of an alternative and efficient delivery system of Cry proteins to control the sugarcane borer, the current work describes the selection and characterization of a Brazilian B. thuringiensis strain with prominent activity towards D. saccharalis. Strain S76 was eleven-fold more active than the HD-1 Lepidoptera-standard strain, as estimated by the LC50 of 13.06 µg/L and 143.88 µg/ L, respectively. We observed bipiramidal and cuboidal crystals similar to those found in other B. thuringiensis strains with entomopathogenic activity against Lepidoptera and Diptera. In addition, smaller and spherical crystalline inclusions were also observed. The plasmid profile of strain S76 is similar to that of HD-1. PCR amplifications of S76 DNA using cry specific primers confirmed the presence of cry1Aa, cry1Ab, cry1Ac, cry2Aa1, and cry2Ab2, but not cry1Ad, cry2Ac and cry9 type genes. No differences that could explain the superior activity of S76 when compared to HD-1, the Lepidoptera standard strain, were observed. Nevertheless, its higher entomopathogenic activity has pointed this strain S76 as a potential source of cry genes to control sugarcane borer, an important pest that affects sugarcane, a crop that occupies a planted area of about 6 million ha in Brazil.

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“…Genetic approaches aim at achieving the same goal of enhancing immunity through rational design of peptides 13, 47 , which are then incorporated into the genome 29, 31, 48 . Also, it is important to ensure that these non-endogenous genomic fragments have minimal effect on humans for their commercial viability 32 . Identifying peptides from the same genome helps allay these concerns to a significant extent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The PDB database is a rich source of alpha-helical anti-microbial peptides to combat disease causing pathogens

et al. 2014

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The therapeutic potential of α-helical anti-microbial peptides (AH-AMP) to combat pathogens is fast gaining prominence. Based on recently published open access software for characterizing α-helical peptides (PAGAL), we elucidate a search methodology (SCALPEL) that leverages the massive structural data pre-existing in the PDB database to obtain AH-AMPs belonging to the host proteome. We provide in vitro validation of SCALPEL on plant pathogens ( Xylella fastidiosa, Xanthomonas arboricola and Liberibacter crescens) by identifying AH-AMPs that mirror the function and properties of cecropin B, a well-studied AH-AMP. The identified peptides include a linear AH-AMP present within the existing structure of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PPC20), and an AH-AMP mimicing the properties of the two α-helices of cecropin B from chitinase (CHITI25). The minimum inhibitory concentration of these peptides are comparable to that of cecropin B, while anionic peptides used as control failed to show any inhibitory effect on these pathogens. Substitute therapies in place of conventional chemotherapies using membrane permeabilizing peptides like these might also prove effective to target cancer cells. The use of native structures from the same organism largely ensures that administration of such peptides will be better tolerated and not elicit an adverse immune response. We suggest a similar approach to target Ebola epitopes, enumerated using PAGAL recently, by selecting suitable peptides from the human proteome, especially in wake of recent reports of cationic amphiphiles inhibiting virus entry and infection.

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Economic, Ecological, Food Safety, and Social Consequences of the Deployment of Bt Transgenic Plants

Cited by 682 publications

References 75 publications

Eliminating host-mediated effects demonstrates Bt maize producing Cry1F has no adverse effects on the parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris

Eliminating host-mediated effects demonstrates Bt maize producing Cry1F has no adverse effects on the parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris

A Brazilian Bacillus thuringiensis strain highly active to sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

The PDB database is a rich source of alpha-helical anti-microbial peptides to combat disease causing pathogens

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