Economic insecurity and the rise in gun violence at US schools

Pah, Adam R.; Hagan, John; Jennings, A. L.; Jain, Anuj; Albrecht, K.; Hockenberry, Adam J.; Amaral, Luı́s A. Nunes

doi:10.1038/s41562-016-0040

Cited by 35 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Previous studies that have found a positive impact of income inequality on hate groups or crime either used state-level data (Majumder, 2017), did not account for poverty rate (Goetz et al, 2012;McVeigh, 2004), or combined income inequality with poverty rate into a single index (McVeigh and Cunningham, 2012). Interestingly, both unemployment (Pah et al, 2017) and income inequality Cabrera, 2017, 2019a, b) appear to be strong predictors of mass shootings. Although this seems paradoxical, the majority of mass shootings are not ideologically driven (Capellan, 2015), so the socioeconomic drivers may be different than for far-right radicalization.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…The aim of this study is to determine whether patterns of far-right radicalization in the United States are consistent with a contagion process, and to assess the influence of critical endemic factors. After controlling for population density, I assessed the following endemic factors that have been implicated in previous research on radicalization, extremism, and mass shootings: poverty rate (Durso and Jacobs, 2013;Gale et al, 2002;Kwon and Cabrera, 2019b;Lin et al, 2018;Medina et al, 2018;Piazza, 2017;Suttmoeller et al, 2015Suttmoeller et al, , 2016Suttmoeller et al, , 2018, unemployment rate (Espiritu, 2004;Gale et al, 2002;Goetz et al, 2012;Green et al, 1998;Jefferson and Pryor, 1999;Majumder, 2017;Pah et al, 2017;Piazza, 2017), income inequality (Goetz et al, 2012;Cabrera, 2017, 2019a, b;Majumder, 2017;McVeigh, 2004;McVeigh and Cunningham, 2012), education levels (Durso and Jacobs, 2013;Espiritu, 2004;Florida, 2011;Gladfelter et al, 2017;Cabrera, 2017, 2019a;McVeigh et al, 2014), non-white population size (Gladfelter et al, 2017;LaFree and Bersani, 2014;McVeigh, 2004;Medina et al, 2018), violent crime rate (Gladfelter et al, 2017;McVeigh and Cunningham, 2012;Sweeney and Perliger, 2018), gun ownership (Anisin, 2018;Lin et al, 2018;…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extremist ideology as a complex contagion: the spread of far-right radicalization in the United States between 2005 and 2017

Youngblood

2020

Humanit Soc Sci Commun

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Increasing levels of far-right extremist violence have generated public concern about the spread of radicalization in the United States. Previous research suggests that radicalized individuals are destabilized by various environmental (or endemic) factors, exposed to extremist ideology, and subsequently reinforced by members of their community. As such, the spread of radicalization may proceed through a social contagion process, in which extremist ideologies behave like complex contagions that require multiple exposures for adoption. In this study, I applied an epidemiological method called two-component spatio-temporal intensity modeling to data from 416 far-right extremists exposed in the United States between 2005 and 2017. The results indicate that patterns of far-right radicalization in the United States are consistent with a complex contagion process, in which reinforcement is required for transmission. Both social media usage and group membership enhance the spread of extremist ideology, suggesting that online and physical organizing remain primary recruitment tools of the far-right movement. In addition, I identified several endemic factors, such as poverty, that increase the probability of radicalization in particular regions. Future research should investigate how specific interventions, such as online counter-narratives to battle propaganda, may be effectively implemented to mitigate the spread of far-right extremism in the United States.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extremist ideology as a complex contagion: the spread of far-right radicalization in the United States between 2005 and 2017

Youngblood

2020

Humanit Soc Sci Commun

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“…Given the incident that occurred the day before, Patrice was concerned for her safety. Due to Steve’s self-description in his email to Jessica, and based on Pah et al’s (2017) study on gun violence in schools, which Patrice had recently read about, she had cause for concern. The rate of gun violence increased from 2005 to 2013, as the unemployment rate increased (Pah et al, 2017).…”

Section: Case Narrativementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to Steve’s self-description in his email to Jessica, and based on Pah et al’s (2017) study on gun violence in schools, which Patrice had recently read about, she had cause for concern. The rate of gun violence increased from 2005 to 2013, as the unemployment rate increased (Pah et al, 2017). Most offenders of school shootings were White American males that suffered from depression (Gerard et al, 2016).…”

Section: Case Narrativementioning

confidence: 99%

“How Dare You!” African American Faculty and the Power Struggle With White Students

Thomas

2020

Journal of Cases in Educational Leadership

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Higher education institutions are hiring more Intellectuals of Color to diversify their faculty. However, the diverse faculty presents an adverse dynamic between White male students and Black female professors. White students tend to exhibit disruptive, intimidating behavior toward Black faculty. Historical stereotypes, prejudices, biases, racism, oppression, and White supremacist attitudes and beliefs displayed in society express itself in the classroom. Black faculty face unique challenges in comparison with their White colleagues when teaching White students. White students more frequently disrespect and challenge the competency of Black faculty while disrupting the classroom learning environment. Meanwhile, Black faculty must display a high level of emotional labor to cope with the daily stressors.

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“…Prior work has found a positive association between exposure to various forms of violence-such as neighborhood crime, domestic violence, and school bullying-and mental illness among children. 8 However, exposure to these sources of violence is correlated with other determinants of mental health such as economic insecurity (e.g., Pah et al, 2017), thereby making causal inference challenging. 9 Furthermore, the literature on resilience documents children's ability to "bounce back" after trauma (e.g., Agaibi and Wilson, 2005;Goldstein and Brooks, 2005), implying that whether and how much exposure 7 For example, see: Pynoos et al (1987); Nader et al (1990); Schwarz andKowalski (1991a,b, 1992b,a); Schwarz et al (1993); Sloan et al (1994); Stretesky and Hogan (2001); Brener et al (2002); Addington (2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Local exposure to school shootings and youth antidepressant use

Rossin‐Slater

Schnell

Schwandt

et al. 2020

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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While over 240,000 American students experienced a school shooting in the last two decades, little is known about the impacts of these events on the mental health of surviving youth. Using large-scale prescription data from 2006 to 2015, we examine the effects of 44 school shootings on youth antidepressant use. Our empirical strategy compares the number of antidepressant prescriptions written by providers practicing 0 to 5 miles from a school that experienced a shooting (treatment areas) to the number of prescriptions written by providers practicing 10 to 15 miles away (reference areas), both before and after the shooting. We include month-by-year and school-by-area fixed effects in all specifications, thereby controlling for overall trends in antidepressant use and all time-invariant differences across locations. We find that local exposure to fatal school shootings increases youth antidepressant use by 21.4% in the following 2 y. These effects are smaller in areas with a higher density of mental health providers who focus on behavioral, rather than pharmacological, interventions.

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Economic insecurity and the rise in gun violence at US schools

Cited by 35 publications

References 23 publications

Extremist ideology as a complex contagion: the spread of far-right radicalization in the United States between 2005 and 2017

Extremist ideology as a complex contagion: the spread of far-right radicalization in the United States between 2005 and 2017

“How Dare You!” African American Faculty and the Power Struggle With White Students

Local exposure to school shootings and youth antidepressant use

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