Economic Performance in Regulated and Unregulated Environments: A Comparison of U.S. and Canadian Railroads

Cost Functions, Efficiency, and Quality in Day Care Centers

“…7. The cost function depicted in Equation I can be called a restricted cost function, which corresponds to the minimization of the costs of variable inputs conditional on the level of the remaining quasi-fixed factor (physical capital in our case) (for example Halvorsen and Smith 1986;Caves, Christensen, and Swanson 1981).…”

Efficient industry configurations in downstream gas markets. An empirical assessment

“…That is, inferences based on it are invalid if k p k*. This contrasts with Caves, Christensen and Swanson (1981) and some studies that followed which used such expression to retrieve long-run scale economies at any arbitrary level of k. The correct procedure is to either test the hypothesis k = k* and then (conditional on non-rejection) to evaluate e Cy L at the observed k, or to estimate k* as those values which solve the envelope condition and use them to evaluate e Cy i L = e Cy i VC / (1 À e Ck VC ) (Friedlaender and Spady, 1981).…”

Rate of Return Regulation: The Case of Spanish Ports

“…This approximation, from Caves et al [1981], has been also used by Caves et al [1980], Morrison [1988], Friedlaender et al [1993], and Nemoto et al [1993]. Under this approach, the inefficiency measure in the optimal quasifixed input allocation of a firm can be obtained from the short-run total cost function defined as:…”