Economic polarization in Poland

Panek, Tomasz

doi:10.5604/01.3001.0014.0856

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…These values depend, for example, on technological factors (the reflectance factor; cover factor; incomplete absorption factor due to limited material thickness; and the Q i collection factor, taking into account that not all generated charge carriers reach the pn junction, where they can be separated) and are determined by the influence of the manufacturing process on the parameters, the material and physical properties of the individual layers, and the structural elements of a solar cell. The most important of these physical parameters include: the electromagnetic radiation reflection coefficient (R ref ); the thickness of the base material of the cell (D c ); the concentration of charge carriers (ni); the mobility (μ) and lifetime of charge carriers (τ); the length of the carrier diffusion path charge (L); the speed of surface recombination (SRV); the resistance (R) and resistivity (ρ) of areas and structural elements of the cell; and the types and concentration of defects and the resulting density of recombination centres (Nit) [ 5 , 6 ].…”

Section: Methods Applied To Measuring Selected Parameters Of the Electrical Properties Of Photovoltaic Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Values of Solar Cell Contact Resistivity Measured with the Transmission Line Method (TLM) and the Potential Difference (PD)

Musztyfaga-Staszuk

2021

Materials

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This work presents a comparison of values of the contact resistivity of silicon solar cells obtained using the following methods: the transmission line model method (TLM) and the potential difference method (PD). Investigations were performed with two independent scientific units. The samples were manufactured with silver front electrodes. The co-firing process was performed in an infrared belt furnace in a temperature range of 840 to 960 °C. The electrical properties of a batch of solar cells fabricated in two cycles were investigated. This work focuses on the different metallisation temperatures of co-firing solar cells and measurements were carried out using the methods mentioned. In the TLM and PD methods, the same calculation formulae were used. Moreover, solar cell parameters measured with these methods had the same, similar, or sometimes different but strongly correlated values. Based on an analysis of the selected databases, this article diagnoses the recent and current state of knowledge regarding the employment of the TLM and PD methods and the available hardware base. These methods are of interest to various research centres, groups of specialists dealing with the optimisation of the electrical properties of silicon photovoltaic cells, and designers of measuring instruments.

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Section: Methods Applied To Measuring Selected Parameters Of the Electrical Properties Of Photovoltaic Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Values of Solar Cell Contact Resistivity Measured with the Transmission Line Method (TLM) and the Potential Difference (PD)

Musztyfaga-Staszuk

2021

Materials

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“…Other types of indicators are measures that have their genesis in economics and econometrics. An example is the Gini index [76], [73], [77], [78], [79] built using the Lorentz curve, which describes the degree of concentration of a one-dimensional distribution of a random variable with non-negative values [77]. The Gini index ranges from a minimum value of zero, when all values are equal, to a theoretical maximum of one in an infinite population in which every element except one has a magnitude of zero.…”

Section: The Concept Of Polarization Measurementioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Polarization of Climate Phenomena Based on Long-Term Precipitation and Temperature Sequences

Twaróg¹

2023

Preprint

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The article presents an analysis of monthly precipitation totals based on the GPCC database, and monthly mean temperatures (NOAA data) for 377 catchments distributed across the globe. The analysis included 110-year data sequences from 1901 to 2010 calculated from grid data with a spatial resolution of 0.5°x 0.5° longitude and latitude. Long-term sequences of precipitation and temperature were used to assess the polarization of climatic phenomena. The noticeable impact of polarization in the area of extreme changes in temperature and precipitation is related to anthropogenic factors such as greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation and pollution, which affect ecosystem functioning, biodiversity, water resources and economies. The paper demonstrates the existence of trends related to the polarization of temperature and precipitation phenomena. The measures of polarization used in science are discussed. A simple measure of polarization was proposed and applied to both long-term sequences of monthly precipitation totals and monthly mean temperature. Due to the nature of the proposed polarization measure, other characteristics of the precipitation and temperature sequences are also presented as background for the discussion of the polarization index. The paper presents, for a selection of several hundred catchments from around the world, analyses of the assessment of precipitation and temperature trends using non-parametric tests. The trend analyses use Mann -Kendall tests at the 5% significance level. A Pettitt test was used to determine the trend change point for precipitation and temperature data. The whole is supported by rich graphical analyses and the results are presented tabularly.

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“…Other types of indicators are measures that have their genesis in economics and econometrics. One such example is the Gini index, also called the Gini coefficient [77,[81][82][83][84], built using the Lorentz curve, which describes the degree of concentration of a one-dimensional distribution of a random variable with non-negative values [82]. The Gini index ranges from a minimum value of zero, when all values are equal, to a theoretical maximum of one in an infinite population in which every element except one has a magnitude of zero.…”

Section: The Concept Of Polarisation Measurementioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Polarisation of Climate Phenomena Based on Long-Term Precipitation and Temperature Sequences

TWARÓG

2023

Preprint

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This article presents an analysis of monthly precipitation totals based on the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre database and monthly mean temperatures based on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration data for 377 catchments located around the world. Data sequences covering 110 years from 1901 to 2010 were analysed. The long-term sequences of precipitation and temperature were used to assess the variability of climate extremes, referred to here as polarisation. Measures of polarisation used in the natural sciences are discussed. A simple measure of polarisation was presented and applied to long-term sequences of monthly precipitation totals and monthly mean temperatures. Due to the nature of the proposed polarisation measure, other characteristics of precipitation and temperature sequences are also presented as a background for the discussion of the polarisation index. The study showed the existence of trends related to the polarisation of temperature and precipitation phenomena. As a result of the analysis, trends of polarisation factors in the area of precipitation and temperature were identified in 11 catchments out of the 377 analysed catchments. The trend analysis used Mann-Kendall tests at a level of significance of 5%. The Pettitt test was used to determine the point of trend change for precipitation and temperature data. The whole investigation is supported by rich graphical analyses, and the results are presented in tabular form.

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Economic polarization in Poland

Cited by 10 publications

References 13 publications

Comparison of the Values of Solar Cell Contact Resistivity Measured with the Transmission Line Method (TLM) and the Potential Difference (PD)

Comparison of the Values of Solar Cell Contact Resistivity Measured with the Transmission Line Method (TLM) and the Potential Difference (PD)

Assessing the Polarization of Climate Phenomena Based on Long-Term Precipitation and Temperature Sequences

Assessing Polarisation of Climate Phenomena Based on Long-Term Precipitation and Temperature Sequences

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