Economies of Scale in U.S. Electric Power Generation

Christensen, Laurits R.; Greene, William H.

doi:10.1086/260470

Cited by 966 publications

(441 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…At present we do not know which physical processes are contributing most to the wiring cost (i.e., building, maintenance, attenuation, or intracellular transport) to be able to build a realistic model of the origin of a sublinear wiring cost. However, we note that the costs of other better known production or transportation systems, like human-made ones, are in most cases sublinear (an effect that is termed economy of scale for production systems and economy of distance for transportation systems) (38)(39)(40)(41)(42).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure of deviations from optimality in biological systems

Pérez‐Escudero

Rivera-Alba²,

Polavieja³

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Optimization theory has been used to analyze evolutionary adaptation. This theory has explained many features of biological systems, from the genetic code to animal behavior. However, these systems show important deviations from optimality. Typically, these deviations are large in some particular components of the system, whereas others seem to be almost optimal. Deviations from optimality may be due to many factors in evolution, including stochastic effects and finite time, that may not allow the system to reach the ideal optimum. However, we still expect the system to have a higher probability of reaching a state with a higher value of the proposed indirect measure of fitness. In systems of many components, this implies that the largest deviations are expected in those components with less impact on the indirect measure of fitness. Here, we show that this simple probabilistic rule explains deviations from optimality in two very different biological systems. In Caenorhabditis elegans, this rule successfully explains the experimental deviations of the position of neurons from the configuration of minimal wiring cost. In Escherichia coli, the probabilistic rule correctly obtains the structure of the experimental deviations of metabolic fluxes from the configuration that maximizes biomass production. This approach is proposed to explain or predict more data than optimization theory while using no extra parameters. Thus, it can also be used to find and refine hypotheses about which constraints have shaped biological structures in evolution.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure of deviations from optimality in biological systems

Pérez‐Escudero

Rivera-Alba²,

Polavieja³

2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…As discussed in studies such as Christensen et al (1971), Christensen and Greene (1976), Guilkey et al (1983), Berman et al (1994), and Machin and Van Reenen (1998), the translog form is recommended in the absence of a priori information on the functional form. While Shah (1992, p. 29) alludes to this "flexibility in functional form, " Pavcnik (2003, p. 317) states, "The translog cost function is very appealing because it provides a second order approximation to any cost function and it does not impose any restrictions on the substitutability of various inputs."…”

Section: Theoretical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…23 Hamermesh and Grant (1979) and Maskus and Bohara (1985), among others, discuss why specifications based on cost functions may be preferred to those motivated by profit functions. Also, see Christensen and Greene (1976) and Morrison (1992). Similarly, for (log) electricity intensity (ln E eijpt ), we estimate…”

Section: Robustness Checksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy efficiency and exporting: Evidence from firm-level data

Roy

Yaşar

2015

Energy Economics

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While exporting firms and non-exporters have been compared across several dimensions, empirical comparisons on the basis of environmental performance are relatively few. Moreover, analyzing the environmental implica-tions of firmlevel exports is not trivial due to non-random selection into exporting. In this light, we examine the impact of exporting on firms' energy efficiency by resorting to an instrumental variables strategy based on a differencing approach (Pitt and Rosenzweig, 1990). Utilizing data from Indonesia, we find (i) exporting to reduce the use of fuels (relative to electricity) and (ii) concerns over endogeneity of exporting status to be relevant. While exporting firms and non-exporters have been compared across several dimensions, empirical comparisons on the basis of environmental performance are relatively few. Moreover, analyzing the environmental implications of firm-level exports is not trivial due to non-random selection into exporting. In this light, we examine the impact of exporting on firms' energy efficiency by resorting to an instrumental variables strategy based on a differencing approach (Pitt and Rosenzweig, 1990). Utilizing data from Indonesia, we find (i) exporting to reduce the use of fuels (relative to electricity) and (ii) concerns over endogeneity of exporting status to be relevant. Roy, J. and M. Yasar (2015

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“…Segundo Christensen e Greene (1976), apesar da função translog não obrigar a estrutura de produção a ser homotética e nem impor restrições às elasticidades de substituição, estas condições podem ser testadas estatisticamente:…”

Section: A Função Custo Transcendental Logarítmicaunclassified

Economias de escala na produção de leite: uma análise dos estados de Rondônia, Tocantins e Rio de Janeiro

Gomes

Filho

2007

Rev. Econ. Sociol. Rural

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Resumo: Neste trabalho analisou-se o problema da manutenção, no longo prazo, dos produtores de leite na atividade. Foram analisados estabelecimentos nos estados de Rondônia, Tocantins e Rio de Janeiro. O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar a existência de economias de escala entre os produtores de leite. A função que apresentou melhor aderência aos dados foi a de custo translog. Os fatores de produção considerados foram: capital, terra, trabalho e custeio. A análise econômica mostra a dificuldade de sobrevivência dos estabelecimentos no longo prazo. Isto ocorre porque a relação capital imobilizado/produção é muito alta. Os resultados da regressão revelam que a grande maioria dos produtores da amostra está na faixa de economias de escala, sendo que apenas 3,4% destes estão na faixa de deseconomias de escala. O ponto de custo mé-dio mínimo foi obtido com média diária de 487 litros por dia. Outro grupo composto por 10% da amostra está mais próximo do ponto de custo médio mínimo e apresenta produção diária entre 183 e 487 litros por dia. E finalmente, o último grupo apresentando uma produção inferior a 180 litros/dia. Este grupo pode reduzir de forma significativa os custos aumentando a produção e, usufruindo assim das economias de escala.

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Economies of Scale in U.S. Electric Power Generation

Cited by 966 publications

References 12 publications

Structure of deviations from optimality in biological systems

Structure of deviations from optimality in biological systems

Energy efficiency and exporting: Evidence from firm-level data

Economias de escala na produção de leite: uma análise dos estados de Rondônia, Tocantins e Rio de Janeiro

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