Ecotoxicological evaluation of carbamazepine using six different model systems with eighteen endpoints

Jos, Ángeles; Repetto, Guillermo; Ríos, Juan Carlos; Hazen, M.J.; Molero, M. L.; Peso, Ana del; Salguero, Manuel Salguero; Freire, Paloma Fernández; Pérez-Martı́n, José; Cameán, Ana M.

doi:10.1016/s0887-2333(03)00119-x

Cited by 115 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…These studies show that chronic carbamazepine exposure effects may occur at concentrations at least 3 orders of magnitude lower than the EC 50 typically reported for acute Daphnia assays (e.g. this paper; Cleuvers, 2002;Jos et al, 2003;, and indicate that, based on estimates of 'predicted no effect concentrations' and 'predicted environmental concentrations' , carbamazepine poses a potential risk to aquatic environments. Given the current findings regarding the comparative ecotoxicities of carbamazepine and its UV-degradation products, this risk could actually be considerably greater than was previously supposed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 46%

Ecotoxicity of carbamazepine and its UV photolysis transformation products

Donner

Kosjek

Qualmann

et al. 2013

Science of The Total Environment

169

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Carbamazepine, an anti-epileptic pharmaceutical agent commonly found in wastewater, is highly recalcitrant to standard wastewater treatment practices. This study investigated the mixture toxicity of carbamazepine transformation products formed during UV photolysis using three standard ecotoxicity assays (representing bacteria, algae and crustaceans). UV-treatment of 6 mg L -1 carbamazepine solution was carried out over a 120 min period and samples were removed periodically over the course of the experiment. Quantification results confirmed the degradation of carbamazepine throughout the treatment period, together with concurrent increases in acridine and acridone concentrations. Ecotoxicity was shown to increase in parallel with carbamazepine degradation indicating that the mixture of degradation products formed was more toxic than the parent compound. In fact, ecotoxicity was still greater than 60 % for all three endpoints even when the carbamazepine concentration had decreased to < 1 % of the starting concentration, and acridine and acridone had decreased to < 10 % of their maximum measured concentrations. Single compound toxicity testing also confirmed the higher toxicity of measured degradation products relative to the parent compound. These results show that transformation products considerably more toxic than carbamazepine itself are likely to be produced during UV treatment of wastewater effluents and/or photo-induced degradation of carbamazepine in natural waters. This study highlights the need to consider mixture toxicity and the formation and persistence of toxicologically relevant transformation products when assessing the environmental risks posed by pharmaceutical compounds.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 46%

Ecotoxicity of carbamazepine and its UV photolysis transformation products

Donner

Kosjek

Qualmann

et al. 2013

Science of The Total Environment

169

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“…In the vast majority of cases, data from the literature are in agreement with the present results. Jos and coworkers [48] and Kim and coworkers [49] reported IC50 values of 78.44 mg L À1 and 52.5 mg L À1 for carbamazepine; in addition, an IC50 of 672 mg L À1 was reported for caffeine [46], whereas for bezafibrate Rosal and coworkers [50] and Rodea-Palomares and coworkers [51] reported IC50 values of 179 mg L À1 and [52] reported an IC50 of >200 mg L À1 ; however, also in this case the authors did not buffer the test solution, and thus, their results are not comparable. The concentration-response curves obtained for all the tested substances are reported in Supplemental Data, Figure S1.…”

Section: Toxicity Of Individual Compounds To a Fischerimentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity of individual pharmaceuticals and their mixtures to Aliivibrio fischeri: Experimental results for single compounds and considerations of their mechanisms of action and potential acute effects on aquatic organisms

Nica

Villa

Finizio

2016

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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In the first part of a broader study on the effects of individual and multicomponent mixtures of pharmaceutical active compounds, the authors used the Microtox test system to analyze in detail the effects of 10 widely used human and veterinary pharmaceutical active compounds toward the bioluminescent bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri. The experimental results indicated moderate toxicity for the majority of the tested compounds. Comparison between experimental 50% inhibitory concentrations and those predicted from the quantitative structure-activity relationship models indicated that most of the tested pharmaceutical active compounds behave as polar narcotic compounds toward A. fischeri (only the antibiotic chlortetracycline seemed to have a specific mechanism of action). A comparison between the experimental results and a collection of acute toxicity data on other nontarget organisms indicated that in general A. fischeri has a comparable sensitivity to other aquatic species. However, according to the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals, the majority of the investigated chemicals can be classified as harmful or nontoxic for aquatic ecosystems. Finally, based on comparisons among the 95th percentile of measured environmental concentrations found in European Union water bodies and acute toxicity data on various aquatic organisms, no risk to aquatic life exists when the tested pharmaceutical active compounds are assessed as individual chemicals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:807-814. © 2016 SETAC.

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“…In particular, these cells have been used as model for assays to evaluate the toxicity of compounds of different nature, either chemical or microbial toxins. The chemical substances tested include carbamazepine [79]; triclosan [80]; lead nitrate [81]; pentachlorophenol and rotenone [82], where the Vero cell line revealed to be one of the most sensitive model used in these studies. These cells have also been validated as a cellular model for other microbial toxins such as diphtheria toxin, a polypeptide with 535 a.a. [83] and Shiga-like toxins, a protein of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli [84].…”

Section: Is Vero-e6 Cell Line a Suitable Model To Study Toxicologicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Kidney Vero-E6 Cell Line: A Suitable Model to Study the Toxicity of Microcystins

Menezes¹,

Valério²,

Dias³

2013

New Insights Into Toxicity and Drug Testing

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Ecotoxicological evaluation of carbamazepine using six different model systems with eighteen endpoints

Cited by 115 publications

References 26 publications

Ecotoxicity of carbamazepine and its UV photolysis transformation products

Ecotoxicity of carbamazepine and its UV photolysis transformation products

Toxicity of individual pharmaceuticals and their mixtures to Aliivibrio fischeri: Experimental results for single compounds and considerations of their mechanisms of action and potential acute effects on aquatic organisms

The Kidney Vero-E6 Cell Line: A Suitable Model to Study the Toxicity of Microcystins

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