Ecotoxicological evaluation of the antimalarial drug chloroquine

Thermoluminescence as a complementary technique for the toxicological evaluation of chemicals in photosynthetic organisms

“…showing much more toxicity in other systems (Zurita et al, 2007c). A consistent decrease in PSII functionality (B-band) was detected in parallel with cytotoxicity (Table 1 and Figure 2, PpG).…”

“…Jjemba (2002) demonstrated that the growth of soybean plants was decreased by increasing concentrations of chloroquine, while the number of bacteria and protozoa in soil was either unchanged or increased. Although the inhibition of bioluminescence in V. fischeri 22 is less sensitive, the crustacean D. magna is even more sensitive than Chlorella (Zurita et al, 2005a).…”

“…The mitochondria alternative oxidase, that catalyzes a cyanide-resistant reduction of oxygen to water without translocation of protons, is specifically inhibited by propyl gallate, stimulating H 2 O 2 production in plant mitochondria (Josse et al, 2003). High concentrations of propyl gallate have been reported to produce loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and to be oxidant in non-vegetal systems due to depletion 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 17 in glutathione, stimulating glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity (Zurita et al, 2007c;Han and Park, 2010). Therefore, in order to clarify this discrepancy, the protective and toxic effects of propyl gallate, we have investigated the possible lipid peroxidation induced by this chemical by using HTL technique (Figure 4, PpG).…”

“…In addition, CQ has been proposed as a promising inexpensive drug in the management of HIV disease (Romanelli et al, 2004). It is the most potent compound evaluated according to the inhibition of the proliferation of Chlorella cells, with an eight-fold increase in toxicity when the exposure time period was increased from 24 to 72 h (Zurita et al, 2005a). Jjemba (2002) demonstrated that the growth of soybean plants was decreased by increasing concentrations of chloroquine, while the number of bacteria and protozoa in soil was either unchanged or increased.…”

The effect of pH on the uptake and toxicity of the bivalent weak base chloroquine tested on Salix viminalis and Daphnia magna

“…The lack of ecotoxicological evaluation of this widely used compound was noted by Zurita et al [11], who examined the toxicity of chloroquine toward the crustacean Daphnia magna, the alga Chlorella vulgaris, fish cells from Poeciliopsis lucida, and the bacterium Vibrio fischeri (48-hour median effective concentration (EC50) values of 9, 27, 43, and 126 mg/L, respectively). The overall conclusion of the study was that chloroquine should be classified as harmful to aquatic organisms [11]. The two pK a values of chloroquine at 6.33 and 10.47 [12] ensure that within the typical pH range of surface waters (pH 6-9) [13], the drug will be present in three distinct dissociative states, namely, neutral, protonated, and double protonated.…”