Ectopic expression ofAINTEGUMENTA inArabidopsis plants results in increased growth of floral organs

Krizek, Beth A.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6408(1999)25:3<224::aid-dvg5>3.0.co;2-y

Cited by 221 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The shape and progression of the primary arrest front is known to be influenced by class II TCP genes, CIN in Antirrhinium (19) or TCP2 and TCP4 in Arabidopsis (20), and it has been suggested that the extent of cell proliferation in the primordium may be regulated by a balance between the antagonistic activities of class I and II TCP genes on the expression of cyclin and ribosomal protein genes (28). Other genes, such as ANT, ARGOS, AN3, GRF5, JAG, SMP, and SWP, which promote cell division during leaf development, also seem to act on proliferation in the primordium (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16). However, it is has not been established whether any of these genes also influences cell proliferation in the DMC zone.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some of these genes have positive roles in regulating cell proliferation. Included in this category are genes such as AINTEGUMENTA (ANT), ARGOS, ANGUSTIFO-LIA (AN3), ERECTA, GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR 5 (GRF5), JAGGED (JAG), STRUWWELPETER (SWP), and SWELLMAP (SMP1), which act to prolong the proliferative cell division phase during organ development (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16). There are also general negative regulators of cell proliferation and organ growth, such as the interaction of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 2 (ARF2) with ANT (17), and the BLADE ON PETIOLE (BOP) genes, which repress the transcription of JAG (18).…”

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PEAPOD regulates lamina size and curvature in Arabidopsis

White

2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

261

349

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Although a complex pattern of interspersed cell proliferation and cell differentiation is known to occur during leaf blade development in eudicot plants, the genetic mechanisms coordinating this growth are unclear. In Arabidopsis, deletion of the PEAPOD (PPD) locus increases leaf lamina size and results in dome-shaped rather than flat leaves. Siliques are also altered in shape because of extra lamina growth. The curvature of a ⌬ppd leaf reflects the difference between excess growth of the lamina and a limitation to the extension capacity of its perimeter. Excess lamina growth in ⌬ppd plants is due to a prolonged phase of dispersed meristematic cell (DMC) proliferation (for example, the meristemoid and procambium cells that form stomatal stem cells and vascular cells, respectively) during blade development. The PPD locus is composed of two homologous genes, PPD1 and PPD2, which encode plantspecific putative DNA-binding proteins. Overexpression of PPD reduces lamina size by promoting the early arrest of DMC proliferation during leaf and silique development. Therefore, by regulating the arrest of DMC proliferation, the PPD genes coordinate tissue growth, modulate lamina size, and limit curvature of the leaf blade. I propose a revised model of leaf development with two cell-cycle arrest fronts progressing from the tip to the base: the known primary front, which determines arrest of general cell proliferation, followed by a secondary front that involves PPD and arrests DMC division.cell proliferation ͉ coordinated growth ͉ leaf development

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

PEAPOD regulates lamina size and curvature in Arabidopsis

White

2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

261

349

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“…Tissue for SEM was fixed, dried, dissected and coated as described previously [23]. SEM analyses were performed on a FEI Quanta 200 ESEM.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aintegumenta and Aintegumenta-Like6 regulate auxin-mediated flower development in Arabidopsis

Krizek

2011

BMC Res Notes

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BackgroundTwo related genes encoding AP2/ERF-type transcription factors, AINTEGUMENTA (ANT) and AINTEGUMENTA-LIKE6 (AIL6), are important regulators of floral growth and patterning in Arabidopsis. Evidence suggests that these genes promote several aspects of flower development in response to auxin. To investigate the interplay of ANT, AIL6 and auxin during floral development, I have examined the phenotypic consequences of disrupting polar auxin transport in ant, ail6 and ant ail6 mutants by either genetic or chemical means.ResultsPlants containing mutations in ANT or AIL6 alone or in both genes together exhibit increased sensitivity to disruptions in polar auxin transport. Both genes promote shoot growth, floral meristem initiation and floral meristem patterning in combination with auxin transport. However, differences in the responses of ant and ail6 single mutants to perturbations in auxin transport suggest that these two genes also have non-overlapping activities in each of these developmental processes.ConclusionsThe enhanced sensitivity of ant and ail6 mutants to alterations in polar auxin transport suggests that these mutants have defects in some aspect of auxin physiology. The inability of ant ail6 double mutants to initiate flowers in backgrounds disrupted for auxin transport confirm the proposed roles for these two genes in floral meristem initiation.

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“…Many genes have been shown to control final organ size in Drosophila via cell division and cell expansion, such as dMYC (5), CyclinD͞Cdk4 (6), RAS (7), TSC1 and TSC2 (8), etc. In plants, recent research has yielded much evidence of the molecular and genetic control of cell division and expansion as well as organ size; for example, AINTEGUMENTA (ANT) (9,10), ANGUSTIFOLIA and RO-TUNDIFOLIA3 (11), ABP1 (12), CLV and WUS (13), NtKIS1a (14), and CYC1At (15). Despite this recent progress, the precise molecular mechanisms governing organ size by cell division or expansion in plants remain far less clear than in Drosophila.…”

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Natural alleles at a tomato fruit size quantitative trait locus differ by heterochronic regulatory mutations

Cong

Liu

Tanksley

2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

256

167

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fw2.2 is a major quantitative trait locus that accounts for as much as 30% of the difference in fruit size between wild and cultivated tomatoes. Evidence thus far indicates that fw2.2 alleles modulate fruit size through changes in gene regulation rather than in the FW2.2 protein itself. To investigate the nature of these regulatory changes and the manner in which they may affect fruit size, a pair of nearly isogenic lines has been subjected to detailed developmental, transcriptional, mitotic, and in situ hybridization studies. The results indicate that the large-and small-fruited alleles of fw2.2 differ in peak transcript levels by Ϸ1 week. Moreover, this difference in timing of expression is associated with concomitant changes in mitotic activity in the early stage of fruit development. The changes in timing of gene expression (heterochronic allelic variation), combined with overall differences in total transcript levels, are sufficient to account for a large portion phenotypic differences in fruit weight associated with the two alleles. C ell division and expansion are generally considered two distinct phases during tomato fruit development (1). The rate of both cell growth and cell proliferation, which might be coordinated and instructed by cellular mechanisms, is critically important in determining final fruit size (2). Despite the fact that cell expansion may account for the greatest increase in volume, cell division is also an essential factor of fruit organogenesis because it determines the final cell number within the fruit. Therefore, fruit size is, in part, the result of a defined number of cell divisions that occur during development (3). High levels of cell division often take place in the first few weeks after anthesis, but mitotic cells can still be found in later phases of development, even in ripening fruit (4).Recently, increasing knowledge in molecular genetics has allowed the characterization of a number of molecular events that influence cell division or cell expansion. Many genes have been shown to control final organ size in Drosophila via cell division and cell expansion, such as dMYC (5), CyclinD͞Cdk4 (6), RAS (7), TSC1 and TSC2 (8), etc. In plants, recent research has yielded much evidence of the molecular and genetic control of cell division and expansion as well as organ size; for example, AINTEGUMENTA (ANT) (9, 10), ANGUSTIFOLIA and RO-TUNDIFOLIA3 (11), ABP1 (12), CLV and WUS (13), NtKIS1a (14), and CYC1At (15). Despite this recent progress, the precise molecular mechanisms governing organ size by cell division or expansion in plants remain far less clear than in Drosophila. Moreover, most genes characterized to control organ size in plants are associated with the development of leaves, roots, and shoot apical meristems. Less attention has been paid to developmental and molecular mechanisms that regulate fruit weight and size.Recently, molecular marker studies have found 28 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting tomato fruit weight and size in crosses between the domesticated tomato...

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Ectopic expression ofAINTEGUMENTA inArabidopsis plants results in increased growth of floral organs

Cited by 221 publications

References 46 publications

PEAPOD regulates lamina size and curvature in Arabidopsis

PEAPOD regulates lamina size and curvature in Arabidopsis

Aintegumenta and Aintegumenta-Like6 regulate auxin-mediated flower development in Arabidopsis

Natural alleles at a tomato fruit size quantitative trait locus differ by heterochronic regulatory mutations

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