“…For example, systems can use API calls to collect data from data sources [10,81] or to receive requests from and send responses to end users [49] reviewed papers (i.e., 56.5%) do not adopt data coupling as data is hidden by each systems' components and these components interact using traditional process calls. They can use API calls [14,31,48,55,62,67,75,86,99,102,109] or remote procedure calls (RPC) [8,15,16,29,43,47,57,58,98,101,103,111,123,126] for communication. We found that not all the systems where components share a common data model necessarily follow the data coupling sub-principle.…”