“…Secondly, when it comes to the monitoring of the health, activity and welfare of chickens, currently available methods and systems cannot meet the increasing technical, administrative, and organisational requirements of ever-growing farms, which limits the possibility and feasibility of monitoring their livestock (Halachmi and Guarino, 2016). Thirdly, when targeting health and disease monitoring, clinical signs such as nasal discharge and diarrhoea are non-specific and cannot be used as evidence in diagnosis (Rahimian et al, 2012); and advanced diagnostic methods including ELISA and real-time RT-PCR are only useful when daily monitoring shows the necessity, because of their requirements for expert personnel, expensive equipment, and time-consuming and costly processes (Soltan et al, 2016).…”