According to Kitaeff (2011b), Hugo Munsterberg was arguably the first police psychologist in that he explored psychological aspects of crime detection and related themes in an influential book titled On the Witness Stand (Munsterberg, 1908). Other early examples of psychological consultation to law enforcement included Terman's use of psychological testing to assist the San Jose Police Department in California in its selection of police officers (Terman et al., 1917). By the 1970s, the provision of direct psychological services to law enforce ment personnel was more common and included individual therapy for police officers, substance abuse recovery groups, and postcritical incident debrief ings (Kitaeff, 2011b). Important to the development of police psychology was a number of federal commissions that advocated for reforms in areas such as police officer selection and training (Trompetter, 2017), including The President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice (President's Commission, 1967). These political and social forces, along with the accumulated wisdom of police psychologists and the fruit of psychological research, led to the expansion of police psychology to include four domains: assessment, intervention, operational support, and organizational consultation (Aumiller & Corey, 2007).The maturing of police psychology into a distinct practice area was formal ized by two important events. In 2011, the American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP) recognized PPSP as its 14th specialty board (ABPP, n.d.). This meant that PPSP took its place among other specialties, such as clinical neuropsychology and clinical health psychology, as a practice area in which psychologists could seek advanced certification. Trompetter (2011) described this achievement as the most important development to date in the history of police psychology. In 2013, the American Psychological Association (APA) officially recognized PPSP as a specialty (APA, n.d.b). Professional milestones such as these do not occur by accident; they are the hardwon successes of visionary professionals working together. APA (n.d.a) describes PPSP as follows:
CONTEMPORARY DEFINITIONPolice and public safety psychology is concerned with assisting law enforcement and other public safety personnel and agencies in carrying out their missions and societal functions with effectiveness, safety, health and conformity to laws and ethics. It consists of the application of the science and profession of psychology in four primary domains of practice: assessment, clinical intervention, operational support, organizational consultation. ("Police and Public Safety")The four domains and other definitional aspects of PPSP have been described in detail elsewhere (e.g., Aumiller & Corey, 2007;Trompetter, 2017) and are explored more fully later in this chapter.