“…Government imposed changes are accompanied by several pitfalls, which impede their implementation and, consequently, their success. First, governments have adjusted education policies by attempting to realign educational priorities to meet what they perceive to be the imperatives of national needs and/or globalisation, imposing never-ending reforms on education systems, and engendering turbulent changes (Arar, Brooks, and Bogotch 2019;Darling-Hammond and Rothman 2013). At the same time, the hierarchical control of education by governments has not impacted social mobility in any discernible way for groups marginalised by poverty, their race or ethnicity, their gender, if students are recognised as having special needs, or any protected characteristics identified in the Declaration of Human Rights (Taysum and Arar 2018;UNICEF 1948).…”