Education-Related Gender Differences in Health in Rural China

Wu, Jing; Liu, Yuanli; Rao, Keqin; Sun, Qi; Qian, Juncheng; Zhu, Li

doi:10.2105/ajph.94.10.1713

Cited by 30 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…19 For the gender-specific association, the potential mechanisms are unknown. However, it is possible that the gender differences in psychosocial factors 50 and in stress and responses to stress 51 may have a role in the association. Another explanation may be that women in menopause tend to be more vulnerable because of fluctuations in sex hormones.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short sleep duration is associated with hypertension risk among adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2012

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A number of studies have reported that sleep duration might have an important role in the development of hypertension. However, the results have been inconsistent. In this study, a meta-analysis was performed to clarify the association between sleep duration and hypertension risk. PubMed, Embase and ISI web of science databases updated on 28 October 2011 were searched for eligible publications. Pooled odds ratio (OR) or relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) was calculated using a random-or fixed-effect model. Six prospective (N ¼ 9959) and seventeen cross-sectional (N ¼ 105432) studies were identified for the data analysis on sleep duration. The results indicated that short sleep duration was associated with an increased risk of prevalent hypertension (OR ¼ 1.20, 95% CI: 1.09-1.32, Po0.001), especially among subjects younger than 65 years and females. In addition, short sleep duration was also associated with an increased risk of incident hypertension among subjects younger than 65 years (RR ¼ 1.33, 95% CI: 1.11-1.61, P ¼ 0.002). Overall, there was a significant association between long sleep duration and the risk of prevalent hypertension (OR ¼ 1.11, 95% CI: 1.05-1.17, Po0.001). Further subgroup analysis also suggested a significant association between long sleep duration and the risk of prevalent hypertension among subjects younger than 65 years (OR ¼ 1.12, 95% CI: 1.06-1.19, Po0.001). The present meta-analysis indicated that short sleep duration was associated with an increased risk of hypertension in the overall polulation and incident hypertension among subjects younger than 65 years. In addition, long sleep duration might be associated with a risk of prevalent hypertension, especially among subjects younger than 65 years.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short sleep duration is associated with hypertension risk among adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2012

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“…One of the major findings from this study is that the mean of GII is greater among Africa than among other WHO regions in worldwide. Generally, gender inequalities in worldwide may be explained by the differences between women and men in employment status, healthy life years, income, lifestyles, and use of health care services [10,14,17,29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, there are large discrepancies in employment status between the sexes in black South African adults [8]. In addition, rural Chinese women have a significantly lower educational level than men [10]. While gender differences in health, assessed in terms of mortality and morbidity, have been reported in most developed countries over recent decades [11], less attention has been paid to the pattern of health care services use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Correlation between Gender Inequalities and Their Health Related Factors in World Countries: A Global Cross-Sectional Study

Hassanzadeh

Moradi

Esmailnasab

et al. 2014

Epidemiology Research International

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The study aimed to investigate gender inequalities and their health associated factors in world countries. A cross-sectional survey was undertaken using data of United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and World Health Organization (WHO). The main variable in this study was gender inequality index (GII). All countries were stratified by WHO regions. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess the linear correlation between GII and investigated factors by WHO regions. The mean of GII was greater in Africa and lower in Europe region. There was negative significant association between GII and life expectancy at birth and mean years of schooling, prevalence of current tobacco smoking, high blood pressure and overweight and obesity, alcohol consumption rate, and cancer death rate. But there was positive significant association between GII and noncommunicable diseases death rates. In conclusion, gender inequalities, though decreasing over the past decades in world, remain notably greater in Africa and Eastern Mediterranean regions than in Europe. Gender inequality is also an important issue which is related to health factors. Hence, countries will need to focus on public health intervention and equal distribution of economic resources to reduce gender inequality in society.

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“…Their study revealed that educational health inequalities were greater with regard to all causes of mortality in both men and women. A study in China 21 showed that people with lower educational levels were more likely to fall ill. We found that subjects who rated their living conditions as poor were significantly worse off in terms of SRH, which is consistent with previous studies investigating the link between neighborhood perception and subjective health status. 22,23 The causal mechanisms underlying social inequalities in health are complex.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Income-Related Health Inequalities in Korea

Ahn

Engelhardt²,

Joung³

2009

Asia Pac J Public Health

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Data from the 2001 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and the ill health concentration index (CI) were used to examine income-related health inequalities among Koreans. Participants (>19 years old) were requested to provide information regarding monthly household income, expenditures, subjective living conditions, and health status. Ill health was determined both subjectively through self-rated health (SRH) scores and objectively through the number of diseases (ND). At the individual level, the CIs for SRH and ND were -0.147 and -0.093, respectively; age—gender adjusted CIs were -0.065 and -0.071, respectively. These values remained unchanged when estimating CI for grouped data. These results indicate that ill health was more pronounced among lower income groups in Korea. However, avoidable health inequality in Korea was smaller than in the United Kingdom and the United States, larger than in Sweden, Eastern Germany, Finland, and Western Germany, and roughly equal to the Netherlands, Spain, and Switzerland.

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Education-Related Gender Differences in Health in Rural China

Cited by 30 publications

References 21 publications

Short sleep duration is associated with hypertension risk among adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Short sleep duration is associated with hypertension risk among adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The Correlation between Gender Inequalities and Their Health Related Factors in World Countries: A Global Cross-Sectional Study

Income-Related Health Inequalities in Korea

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