Summary The objective of this study is to examine the trends in body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and prevalence of overweight (BMI 25 kg/m2 to 27.49 kg/m2), general obesity (BMI ≥ 27.5 kg/m2) and abdominal obesity (WC≥90 cm for men and ≥ 80 cm for women) among Chinese adults from 1993 to 2009. Data were obtained from the China Health and Nutrition Survey, which was conducted from 1993 to 2009 and included a total of 52,621 Chinese adults. During the period of 1993–2009, mean BMI values increased by 1.6 kg/m2 among men and 0.8 kg/m2 among women; mean WC values increased by 7.0 cm among men and 4.7 cm among women. The prevalence of overweight increased from 8.0 % to 17.1% among men (P<0.001) and from 10.7% to 14.4% among women (P<0.001); the prevalence of general obesity increased from 2.9% to 11.4% among men (P<0.001) and from 5.0% to 10.1% among women (P<0.001); the prevalence of abdominal obesity increased from 8.5% to 27.8% among men (P<0.001) and from 27.8 % to 45.9 % among women (P<0.001). Similar significant trends were observed in nearly all age groups and regions for both men and women. The prevalence of overweight, general obesity and abdominal obesity among Chinese adults has increased greatly during the past 17 years.

Light and moderate alcohol intake might have a protective effect on all-cause and CVD-specific mortality in U.S. adults. Heavy or binge drinking was associated with increased risk of all-cause and cancer-specific mortality.

Objective We aimed to estimate the up-to-date prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) and its influencing factors among the Chinese adults. Methods Data were obtained from the China Health and Nutrition Survey conducted in 2009, which was a cross-sectional and partially nationally representative study including a total of 7488 Chinese adults (age ≥ 18 years). Results The overall age-standardized prevalence estimates of the MS were 21.3% (95%confidence interval (CI): 20.4%–22.2%), 18.2% (95%CI: 17.3%–19.1%) and 10.5% (95%CI: 9.8%–11.2%) based on definitions of revised NCEP ATPIII, IDF and CDS criteria, respectively. Individuals who were women (compared to men: odds ratio [OR] = 1.37, 95% CI=1.16–1.61), 40 years or older (compared to less than 40 years old: OR=2.82, 95%CI=2.37–3.34 for 40–59 years; OR = 4.41, 95%CI = 3.68–5.29 for 60 years or older), overweight/obese (compared to normal weight: OR=4.32, 95%CI=3.77–4.95 for overweight; OR=11.24, 95%CI=9.53–13.26 for obese), and living in urban area (compared to living in rural area: OR=1.27, 95%CI=1.12–1.43) were more likely to have a higher prevalence estimate of MS. In addition, frequency of alcohol consumption and cigarette intake were also found to be significantly associated with probability of MS. Conclusions Our results suggest an urgent need to develop national strategies for the prevention, detection, treatment and control of obesity and MS in China.

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the association between recommended physical activity according to the 2018 physical activity guidelines for Americans and all cause and cause specific mortality using a nationally representative sample of US adults.DesignPopulation based cohort study.SettingNational Health Interview Survey (1997-2014) with linkage to the National Death Index records to 31 December 2015.Participants479 856 adults aged 18 years or older.ExposuresParticipant self-reports of the amount of leisure time spent in aerobic physical activity and muscle strengthening activity each week were combined and categorised into four groups: insufficient activity, aerobic activity only, muscle strengthening only, and both aerobic and muscle strengthening activities according to the physical activity guidelines.Main outcome measuresAll cause mortality and cause specific mortality (cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic lower respiratory tract diseases, accidents and injuries, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes mellitus, influenza and pneumonia, and nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, or nephrosis) obtained from the National Death Index records.ResultsDuring a median follow-up of 8.75 years, 59 819 adults died from all causes, 13 509 from cardiovascular disease, 14 375 from cancer, 3188 from chronic lower respiratory tract diseases, 2477 from accidents and injuries, 1470 from Alzheimer’s disease, 1803 from diabetes mellitus, 1135 from influenza and pneumonia, and 1129 from nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, or nephrosis. Compared with those who did not meet the physical activity guidelines (n=268 193), those who engaged in recommended muscle strengthening activity (n=21 428; hazard ratio 0.89, 95% confidence interval 0.85 to 0.94) or aerobic activity (n=113 851; 0.71, 0.69 to 0.72) were found to be at reduced risk of all cause mortality; and even larger survival benefits were found in those engaged in both activities (n=76 384; 0.60, 0.57 to 0.62). In addition, similar patterns were reported for cause specific mortality from cardiovascular disease, cancer, and chronic lower respiratory tract diseases.ConclusionsAdults who engage in leisure time aerobic and muscle strengthening activities at levels recommended by the 2018 physical activity guidelines for Americans show greatly reduced risk of all cause and cause specific mortality. These data suggest that the physical activity levels recommended in the guidelines are associated with important survival benefits.

This work was partly supported by the Young Scholars Program of Shandong University (2015WLJH51), the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (ZR2012HQ033), and the National Natural Science Foundation (81302496).