Secular trends in the prevalence of general and abdominal obesity among Chinese adults, 1993–2009

Objective: To evaluate dietary intake based on the Chinese Food Pagoda (CFP) and to determine what factors may be associated with adherence to CFP guidelines for older Chinese. Design: This cross-sectional population-based study used 24 h recall over three consecutive days to assess dietary intake and adherence to CFP among older Chinese participating in the China Health and Nutrition Survey 2009. Setting: Nine provinces across four diverse regions (Northeast, East Coast, Central and West). Subjects: A total of 2745 older Chinese, aged 60-69 years (n 1563) and ≥70 years (n 1182), with dietary data. Results: None of the participants reached all ten food group recommendations. More than half of the participants exceeded the recommended amount for grains (63 %), oil (62·8 %) and salt (55·7 %). Ten per cent of the participants consumed dairy, while merely 0·5 % met the recommended amount. Average Chinese Food Pagoda Score (CFPS) was 3·3 in men and 3·5 in women, far below the maximum possible score of 10. Women had 0·26 higher CFPS than men (P < 0·001; 95 % CI 0·16, 0·36). People living in medium and high urbanicity areas had significantly higher scores than those living in low urbanicity areas (P < 0·001). Also, there were significant differences in CFPS according to gender, BMI, work status, education level and region. Conclusions: Few older Chinese are meeting the intake of the various food groups based on the recommendations in the CFP guidelines, thus increasing the risk of malnutrition and non-communicable diseases. Action is needed to increase dissemination and uptake of nutrition education, with interventions targeted at socio-economic regions. Moreover, specific dietary guidelines for older Chinese people should be developed.

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do older Chinese people’s diets meet the Chinese Food Pagoda guidelines? Results from the China Health and Nutrition Survey 2009

Hall

Byles

et al. 2015

“…In China, approximately 12 % of adult males are considered to be obese (1,2) . Since vitamin D nutritional status may be important in regulating obesity (3)(4)(5)(6) , interest was aroused to study Chinese obese males in this regard.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral vitamin D supplementation has a lower bioavailability and reduces hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone and insulin resistance in obese Chinese males

Zhou

Zhu²,

Chen³

et al. 2014

Objective: To examine the vitamin D status, SNP of the vitamin D receptor gene (VDR) and the effects of vitamin D supplementation on parathyroid hormone and insulin secretion in adult males with obesity or normal weight in a subtropical Chinese city. Design: An intervention trial. Setting: Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, China. Subjects: From a cross-sectional survey conducted from June to July, eighty-two normal-weight and ninety-nine obese males (18-69 years) were screened to analyse their vitamin D status and for five SNP of VDR. From these individuals, in the same season of a different year, obese and normal-weight male volunteers (twenty-one per group) were included for an intervention trial with oral vitamin D supplementation at 1250 µg/week for 8 weeks.Results: For the survey, there was no significant difference (P > 0·05) in baseline circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations or in the percentages of participants in different categories of vitamin D status between the two groups. The VDR SNP, rs3782905, was significantly associated with obesity (P = 0·043), but none of the examined SNP were correlated with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D when adjusted for age, BMI and study group. After vitamin D supplementation, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration, hypersecretions of parathyroid hormone and insulin, and insulin resistance in the obese were changed beneficially (P < 0·05); however, the increase in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was less than that of the normal-weight men. Conclusions: For obese and normal-weight men of subtropical China, the summer baseline vitamin D status was similar. However, oral vitamin D supplementation revealed a decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obese men and ameliorated their hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone and insulin resistance. KeywordsVitamin D Obesity Chinese male Parathyroid hormone Insulin resistanceIn China, approximately 12 % of adult males are considered to be obese (1,2) . Since vitamin D nutritional status may be important in regulating obesity (3)(4)(5)(6) , interest was aroused to study Chinese obese males in this regard. Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D; calcidiol), a metabolite of vitamin D having a half-life of 2-3 weeks, is recommended as a reliable marker of vitamin D nutritional status (7)(8)(9)(10) . The US Institute of Medicine (11) reports that a circulating 25(OH)D concentration equal to 50 nmol/l (20 ng/ml) meets the vitamin D requirements of 97·5 % of the population, and this threshold is widely accepted for hypovitaminosis D (10,(12)(13)(14) . Not satisfied with that basic requirement, many researchers claim that improvement of circulating 25(OH)D concentrations to much higher than 50 nmol/l can prevent a broad range of diseases (4,(15)(16)(17) .In addition, 25(OH)D ≤25 nmol/l (10 ng/ml) is considered to be 'severe vitamin D deficiency', 75-250 nmol/l (30-100 ng/ml) a 'sufficient or optimal' level and 50-75 nmol/l (21-29 ng/ml) an 'insufficient' level (12,13,18) , although these reference ranges are not defined by the Inst...

“…Public health initiatives are needed to encourage Chinese adults to make healthy food choices when eating out. China has experienced a significant increase in the prevalence of obesity during recent decades (1,2) , with increasing BMI and waist circumference (WC) over time, particularly for those at the highest BMI and WC levels (3) . The increasing obesity epidemic has also shown gender disparities in terms of sociodemographic characteristics.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender difference in the association between food away-from-home consumption and body weight outcomes among Chinese adults

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2016

Objective: The present study aimed to explore the associations between food away-from-home (FAFH) consumption and body weight outcomes among Chinese adults. Design: FAFH was defined as food prepared at restaurants and the percentage of energy from FAFH was calculated. Measured BMI and waist circumference (WC) were used as body weight outcomes. Quantile regression models for BMI and WC were performed separately by gender. Setting: Information on demographic, socio-economic, diet and health parameters at individual, household and community levels was collected in twelve provinces of China. Subjects: A cross-sectional sample of 7738 non-pregnant individuals aged 18-60 years from the China Health and Nutrition Survey 2011 was analysed. Results: For males, quantile regression models showed that percentage of energy from FAFH was associated with an increase in BMI of 0·01, 0·01, 0·01, 0·02, 0·02 and 0·03 kg/m 2 at the 5th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th and 95th quantile, and an increase in WC of 0·04, 0·06, 0·06, 0·04, 0·06, 0·05 and 0·07 cm at the 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th and 95th quantile. For females, percentage of energy from FAFH was associated with 0·01, 0·01, 0·01 and 0·02 kg/m 2 increase in BMI at the 10th, 25th, 90th and 95th quantile, and with 0·05, 0·04, 0·03 and 0·03 cm increase in WC at the 5th, 10th, 25th and 75th quantile. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that FAFH consumption is relatively more important for BMI and WC among males rather than females in China. Public health initiatives are needed to encourage Chinese adults to make healthy food choices when eating out. China has experienced a significant increase in the prevalence of obesity during recent decades (1,2) , with increasing BMI and waist circumference (WC) over time, particularly for those at the highest BMI and WC levels (3) . The increasing obesity epidemic has also shown gender disparities in terms of sociodemographic characteristics. For example, obesity prevalence was higher in lower educated women, but in men with higher education (4) .One of the major factors underlying the obesity epidemic is considered to be the dramatic transition in dietary intake and eating behaviours in China. Previous work has identified higher fat and sodium intakes, accompanied by increasing consumption of edible oils and animal-source foods, and prevalent snacking and eating out (5) . Typically, food away from home (FAFH) is defined as food eaten or prepared outside the home, including restaurant food, which comprises the majority of FAFH, as well as foods obtained from canteens and fixed or mobile stalls. In China, consumption of FAFH has increased substantially. The share of urban food expenditure on FAFH rose from 14·7 % in 2000 to 20·6 % in 2008 (6) . A large body of literature has shown that FAFH consumption is associated with high intakes of energy and saturated fat, and low micronutrient intakes (7)(8)(9)(10) .Meanwhile, other studies in developed countries have reported a relationship between increased FAFH consumption and higher BMI o...