Educational Attainments and Labor Participation of Females Across the Turkish Regions: A Panel Data Approach

Abstract

This paper aims at testing whether educational attainments of females beside other primary determinants have significant impacts on their participation in the labor markets across the regions of Turkey during the years 2004-2016. Even though there are certain number of empirical studies on this fact, they mostly employ time series data or micro data sets. However, very few of them stick with the regional data analysis and also do not take care of the recent developments in the empirical literature. So, the existing empirical findings do not suggest a clear evidence about the matter, particularly about the Turkish regional differences, yet. Therefore, this work exploits a panel data technique that pays attention to the recent empirical considerations. The findings suggest that, in contrary to most of the current empirical results, both the high school and the higher education graduations of females beyond the other determinants do not have significant impacts on their participation rates in the labor market across the Turkish regions in the relevant span.

Application of Financial Inclusions in Indonesia: A Study on Vulnerable Group

“…The test results on the previous research are different (Bongomin et al 2016;Kose and Gunes, 2018), which shows that the negative effect on financial inclusion, through procedural (H2), with a magnitude of -0.335 or 33.5%. In this case, the rules made may be too heavy to be obeyed by the vulnerable group.…”

“…In general, regulatory activities aim to achieve continuous quality improvement so that they can provide safe services to the community. For vulnerable groups, services, and easy access to banking institutions need special attention (Kose and Gunes, 2018), because there are still not many vulnerable groups in Indonesia, having accounts in banking institutions, which is one of the reasons for poverty. The term 'vulnerable groups' are a group where either individuals or organizations cannot anticipate, fight, or find solutions to the disasters that occur them and the impact of the accident.…”

“…Various efforts have been made to reduce poverty, including through the inclusive financial system. The term "financial inclusion" has become a posteconomic trend in 2008, mainly based on the impact of the crisis on groups in the bottom of the pyramid -low and irregular income, living in remote areas, disabled people, workers who do not have legal identity documents, and peripheral communities (Kose and Gunes, 2018), which are generally unbanked, and are recorded very high outside developed countries. Sanjaya (2014), argues that financial inclusion through micro-credit programs can improve social status and economic status of the poor.…”

Pemberdayaan Lembaga Keuangan Syariah Dalam Meningkatkan Peran Inklusi Keuangan

“…Sedangkan berkaitan dengan pelaksanaan prinsip G20, maka proses eksternalisasi merubah tacit knowledge anggota organisasi menjadi explisit knowledge, sedangkan proses internalisasi, mengubah explicit knowledge yang ada menjadi tacit knowledge, pelaksanaan prinsip ini masih rendah, yang bisa diartikan masih rendahnya pengetahuan dari para peserta ini, dalam melaksanakan prinsip ini. Terdapat beberapa simpulan yang dapat dirumuskan, yaitu: kualitas dan kecepatan layanan perbankan syariah harus terus ditingkatkan, antara lain dengan mengembangkan teknologi informasi yang handal dan adaptif, dan berkolaborasi dengan fintech (financial technology) syariah, sesuai dengan penelitian sebelumnyaKose & Gunes (2018). Selain itu, Bank Pembiayaan Rakyat Syariah (BPRS) harus kembali ke khittah, yaitu berpihak kepada masyarakat pedesaan atau masyarakat miskin/dhuafa, serta terhadap usaha kecil dan mikro.Untuk mempercepat pengembangan inklusi keuangan syariah, bisa dilakukan dengan mendirikan bank wakaf mikro atau bekerja sama dengan Lembaga Keuangan Syariah Mikro (LKSM) seperti Baitul Mal Wattamwil (BMT) atau koperasi jasa keuangan syariah (KKJS), dengan…”