EEG based evaluation of stereoscopic 3D displays for viewer discomfort

Malik, Aamir Saeed; Khairuddin, R. N. Hamizah R.; Amin, Hafeez Ullah; Smith, Martin; Kamel, Nidal; Abdullah, Jafri Malin; Fawzy, Samar Mohammad; Shim, Seong-O

doi:10.1186/s12938-015-0006-8

Cited by 39 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…demanding different cognitive processing despite the fact they both depict the same content (information). The computational non-equivalency in virtual 3D viewing was supported also on the neuroscientific level, where extra visual cues included in the perceived scene aroused brain activity [25]. Studies on 3D visualization show enthusiasm on one hand and certain doubts on the other especially with respect to a user-friendly human-computer interaction.…”

Section: Real 3d and Pseudo 3d Visualization And Geovisualizationmentioning

confidence: 94%

When the display matters: A multifaceted perspective on 3D geovisualizations

et al. 2017

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This study explores the influence of stereoscopic (real) 3D and monoscopic (pseudo) 3D visualization on the human ability to reckon altitude information in noninteractive and interactive 3D geovisualizations. A two phased experiment was carried out to compare the performance of two groups of participants, one of them using the real 3D and the other one pseudo 3D visualization of geographical data. A homogeneous group of 61 psychology students, inexperienced in processing of geographical data, were tested with respect to their efficiency at identifying altitudes of the displayed landscape. The first phase of the experiment was designed as non-interactive, where static 3D visual displays were presented; the second phase was designed as interactive and the participants were allowed to explore the scene by adjusting the position of the virtual camera. The investigated variables included accuracy at altitude identification, time demands and the amount of the participant's motor activity performed during interaction with geovisualization. The interface was created using a Motion Capture system, Wii Remote Controller, widescreen projection and the passive Dolby 3D technology (for real 3D vision). The real 3D visual display was shown to significantly increase the accuracy of the landscape altitude identification in non-interactive tasks. As expected, in the interactive phase there were differences in accuracy flattened out between groups due to the possibility of interaction, with no other statistically significant differences in completion times or motor activity. The increased number of omitted objects in real 3D condition was further subjected to an exploratory analysis.

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Section: Real 3d and Pseudo 3d Visualization And Geovisualizationmentioning

confidence: 94%

When the display matters: A multifaceted perspective on 3D geovisualizations

et al. 2017

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“…In [12], the researchers claimed that the behavior of brain signals did not change during 2D/3D TV watching. With the opposite result of this study, brain dynamics have been shown to exhibit different behaviors in the brain lobes and EEG frequency bands [49], [48], [5], [10]. Analysis of brain signals by watching 2D and 3D videos individually was done extensively in our previous studies [5], [10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Reviewing the studies on 2D and 3D technology, no detailed quantitative research was found using the channels representing the five lobes of the brain and all EEG bands [47], [8], [9]. The effect of watching 2D and 3D TV on brain signals has been the focus of some studies in terms of qualitative [12], [48]. In [12], the researchers claimed that the behavior of brain signals did not change during 2D/3D TV watching.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of 2D and 3D Video Transitions Based on EEG Power<strong> </strong>

Manshouri

Melek

Kayıkçıoğlu

2020

Preprint

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Despite the long and extensive history of 3D technology, it has recently attracted the attention of researchers. This technology has become the center of interest of young people because of the real feelings and sensations it creates. People see their environment as 3D because of their eye structure. In this study, it is hypothesized that people lose their perception of depth during sleepy moments and that there is a sudden transition from 3D vision to 2D vision. Regarding these transitions, the EEG signal analysis method was used for deep and comprehensive analysis of 2D and 3D brain signals. In this study, a single-stream anaglyph video of random 2D and 3D segments was prepared. After watching this single video, the obtained EEG recordings were considered for two different analyses: the part involving the critical transition (transition-state) and the state analysis of only the 2D versus 3D or 3D versus 2D parts (steady-state). The main objective of this study is to see the behavioral changes of brain signals in 2D and 3D transitions. To clarify the impacts of the human brain’s power spectral density (PSD) in 2D-to-3D (2D_3D) and 3D-to-2D (3D_2D) transitions of anaglyph video, 9 visual healthy individuals were prepared for testing in this pioneering study. Spectrogram graphs based on Short Time Fourier transform (STFT) were considered to evaluate the power spectrum analysis in each EEG channel of transition or steady-state. Thus, in 2D and 3D transition scenarios, important channels representing EEG frequency bands and brain lobes will be identified. To classify the 2D and 3D transitions, the dominant bands and time intervals representing the maximum difference of PSD were selected. Afterward, effective features were selected by applying statistical methods such as standard deviation (SD), maximum (max), and Hjorth parameters to epochs indicating transition intervals. Ultimately, k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) algorithms were applied to classify 2D_3D and 3D_2D transitions. The frontal, temporal, and partially parietal lobes show 2D_3D and 3D_2D transitions with a good classification success rate. Overall, it was found that Hjorth parameters and LDA algorithms have 71.11% and 77.78% classification success rates for transition and steady-state, respectively.

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“…This may be explained by differences in the neural processing of the two image types. A recent study using electroencephalography (EEG) compared the brainwave activity of individuals when they viewed 3D movies using a passive 3D projection system and 2D images 14 . The study found statistically significant higher brainwave activity in the beta, delta, and gamma bands for 2D images and in the alpha and theta bands during 3D projection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study to evaluate the reliability of using two-dimensional photographs, three-dimensional images, and stereoscopic projected three-dimensional images for patient assessment

Zhu

Khambay

2017

International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

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Clinicians are accustomed to viewing conventional two-dimensional (2D) photographs and assume that viewing three-dimensional (3D) images is similar.Facial images captured in 3D are not viewed in true 3D; this may alter clinical judgement. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of using conventional photographs, 3D images, and stereoscopic projected 3D images to rate the severity of the deformity in pre-surgical class III patients. Forty adult patients were recruited.Eight raters assessed facial height, symmetry, and profile using the three different viewing media and a 100-mm visual analogue scale (VAS), and appraised the most informative viewing medium. Inter-rater consistency was above good for all three media. Intra-rater reliability was not significantly different for rating facial height using 2D (P = 0.704), symmetry using 3D (P = 0.056), and profile using projected 3D (P = 0.749). Using projected 3D for rating profile and symmetry resulted in significantly lower median VAS scores than either 3D or 2D images (all P < 0.05).For 75% of the raters, stereoscopic 3D projection was the preferred method for rating.The reliability of assessing specific characteristics was dependent on the viewing medium. Clinicians should be aware that the visual information provided when viewing 3D images is not the same as when viewing 2D photographs, especially for facial depth, and this may change the clinical impression.

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EEG based evaluation of stereoscopic 3D displays for viewer discomfort

Cited by 39 publications

References 45 publications

When the display matters: A multifaceted perspective on 3D geovisualizations

When the display matters: A multifaceted perspective on 3D geovisualizations

Detection of 2D and 3D Video Transitions Based on EEG Power<strong> </strong>

A study to evaluate the reliability of using two-dimensional photographs, three-dimensional images, and stereoscopic projected three-dimensional images for patient assessment

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