EEG Spectral-Power and Coherence: LORETA Neurofeedback Training in the Anterior Cingulate Gyrus

What is Neurofeedback: An Update

“…This is a kind of QEEG analysis that provides an estimation of the location of the underlying brain generators (e.g., the anterior cingulate, insula, fusiform gyrus) of the patient's EEG activity within a frequency band. Very preliminary research Cannon et al, 2006;Congedo, Lubar, & Joffe, 2004) has been published about this approach. It does require more labor-intensive preparation where an entire electrode cap with 19 electrodes must be applied in every session.…”

LORETA Neurofeedback for Addiction and the Possible Neurophysiology of Psychological Processes Influenced: A Case Study and Region of Interest Analysis of LORETA Neurofeedback in Right Anterior Cingulate Cortex

“…This article reports the data from the sessions in one participant including trend analysis, pre-and posttraining baseline comparisons and ROI analysis of the frequency specific relationships between the nine regions of interest as influenced by training in the rACC. As a result of our earlier studies successfully training individuals to increase activity in the cognitive division of the ACC (dorsal left BA 32=24; Cannon et al, 2007;Cannon et al, 2006), we hypothesize that the right division of the ACC (dorsal right BA 32=24) may involve 228 JOURNAL OF NEUROTHERAPY more affective elements that would directly or indirectly influence regions shown to share connections with it, including the amygdala, hippocampus, anterior insula, and orbitofrontal regions. This region is often active in affect-related tasks, and cytoarchitecture studies show connections with thalamic nuclei, including the nucleus accumbens and hypothalamus (Bush, Luu, & Posner, 2000;Devinsky, Morrell, & Vogt, 1995).…”

“…At the end of the preliminary session, the participant was informed of the inhibitory and reward aspects of the training. Standardized thresholds were then set and maintained based on prior research (Cannon et al, 2007;Cannon et al, 2006). One important addition to this particular protocol was concentration on minimizing the ''therapist effect.''…”

“…Based on prior studies (Cannon & Lubar, in press;Cannon et al, 2007;Cannon et al, 2006) and two studies in review, we hypothesize that training 14-18 Hz activity in the right anterior cingulate gyrus (rACC) would directly influence activity in cortical and limbic regions of interest (ROI) shown to be significantly decreased or increased in recovering addicts as compared to nonclinical controls in eyesopened and assessment recordings (Cannon, Lubar, & Baldwin, 2008). Hence data from this prior study influenced the a priori selection of ROI for this case study.…”

EEG Spectral Power and Coherence: Differentiating Effects of Spatial–Specific Neuro-Operant Learning (SSNOL) Utilizing LORETA Neurofeedback Training in the Anterior Cingulate and Bilateral Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortices

“…In previous work, low-resolution electromagnetic tomographic (LORETA) neurofeedback (LNFB) was found to be an efficacious methodology for training individuals to increase 14 to 18 Hz activity in a seven-voxel cluster of neurons in the anterior cingulate gyrus (AC; Cannon et al, 2007;Cannon et al, 2006). We evaluated the cortical effects of this training in six other regions of the cortex; subsequently, we selected a five-voxel cluster of neurons within the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (RPFC) and a three-voxel cluster of neurons in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) for LNFB training to compare with the training in the AC, with the premise that training in each of the regions would elicit different effects in cortical pathways and that executive attention is moderated by the relationship between the AC and RPFC.…”