In this work we evaluated the possible effect of fertilization (organic and conventional) on the rhizobacteria physiology from the sugarcane. For that, we selected five rhizobacterial genera (Beijerinckia, Burkholderia, Enterobacter, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas) prevalent in sugarcane crops and described as plant growth promoters. The selected bacteria were isolated and identified by biochemical tests and by sequence analysis of the 16S rDNA gene, and the parameters investigated were: capacity of acetylene reduction, phytohormones production (IAA and ethylene), capacity of phosphate solubilization, amino acid release, and antifungal activity. The selected rhizobacteria showed their potential as plant growth promoters. The Burkholderia strains showed the better results in phosphate solubilization and antifungal activity. The Pseudomonas were prominent in the production of ethylene and Beijerinckia strains showed a greater N 2 fixation capacity. Enterobacter, Klebsiella and Pseudomonas strains were the better IAA producers. In vitro, the influence of the fertilization (treatment of the crop) was not detected, except for the inorganic phosphate solubilization. Our results showed that bacteria isolated from plants submitted to organic treatment, where phosphate was in excess, did not show potential for inorganic phosphate solubilization. However, in vivo it is possible that organic fertilization, together with the rhizosphere, improves and controls the growth promoting bacteria traits. Our results evidenced the great potential of these bacteria as natural tools for the culture sustainability, which it aims at to reduce costs, to promote efficiency and increase of the productivity.