Effect and mechanism of citral against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus in vivo

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Citral is an active component of many plant extracts, and it is a safe additive used in food and cosmetics. A previous study showed that citral has a good antibacterial effect against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in vitro, but its in vivo anti-infective activity has not been studied. Anti-MRSA activity and the preliminary mechanism of citral against MRSA were investigated in MRSA-infected KM mice. The ED 50 was calculated using Karber's method. Groups were selected for inflammatory and oxidative stress level tests, and lung and liver tissues were counterstained with HE for detection of pathological changes. Cytokines and oxidative factors were evaluated using the ELISA method (one-way ANOVA computed using SPSS 19.0.). RESULTS: With the increase in the concentration of citral, the survival rate of MRSA-infected mice increased accordingly. The ED 50 values of citral for intramuscular injection and intragastric administration were 0.09 and 0.26 g kg −1 respectively. Citral significantly reduced cytokines (IL-1 , IL-6, TNF-) and oxidative factors (malondialdehyde and hydroxyl radicals) of MRSA-infected mice, whereas it increased gluthtione and superoxide dismutase levels. Citral can reduce the lung inflammatory infiltrates infected by MRSA. CONCLUSIONS: Citral exerted a dose-dependent anti-MRSA effect and ameliorated MRSA-induced abnormal changes in inflammation and oxidative stress. This indicates that citral has the potential for development as a new anti-MRSA drug. Histopathological examination of diseased tissueHistopathological changes in the lung and liver of mice were examined after hematoxylin and eosin staining (Figs 4 and 5). As shown in Fig. 4, mouse liver tissue did not show significant J Sci Food Agric 2019; 99: 4423-4429

Chromatographic profiles and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils obtained from some species and cultivars of the Mentheae tribe (Lamiaceae)

“…Citral (3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienal) has a specific lemon odour and antimicrobial activity. It significantly reduced the levels of such cytokines as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and such oxidative factors as malondialdehyde and hydroxyl radicals in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus -infected mice and diminish their lung inflammatory infiltrates that indicate antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammation activities of citral ( Long et al, 2019 ). The combinations of citral and linalool in nanoemulsion with sesame oil possessed the antibacterial effects against Listeria monocytogenes as a known food-borne pathogen ( Prakash and Vadivel, 2020 ).…”

“…EsO are considered as an alternative to synthetic antimicrobial medicines, especially antibiotics ( Sharifi-Rad et al, 2017 , Tariq et al, 2019 ). The ability of EsO to inhibit the growth of undesirable microorganisms in cosmetic and food products could solve the problem of the substitution for synthetic preservatives which can cause serious problems for human health ( Liu et al, 2017 , Long et al, 2019 , Park et al, 2012 ).…”

Eleutheroside K Isolated from Acanthopanax henryi (Oliv.) Harms Inhibits the Expression of Virulence-Related Exoproteins in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

“…However, the efficacy of antibiotics was limited by the emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) [ 4 , 5 ]. Since MRSA is recognized as one of the major causes of healthcare- and community-associated infections and is a serious menace that frequently occurs all over the world, the treatment of S. aureus infections becomes complicated [ 6 , 7 ]. The community is facing a huge challenge, and MRSA infection is especially concerning.…”

Eleutheroside K isolated from Acanthopanax henryi (Oliv.) Harms suppresses methicillin resistance of Staphylococcus aureus

“…Consequently, the increasing resistance of bacteria has become a major challenge worldwide (Long et al . 2019). Extensive researches have been performed to treat MRSA infection, however, current treatment options are still inadequate, and MRSA has always existed as a risk factor to endanger human life (Zhang et al .…”

“…The use or development of clinical alternatives to antibiotics as contemporary healing agents against microbial infections has led to the loss of therapeutic activity (Bassous and Webster 2019). Consequently, the increasing resistance of bacteria has become a major challenge worldwide (Long et al 2019). Extensive researches have Letters in Applied Microbiology 72, 669--676 © 2020 The Society for Applied Microbiology been performed to treat MRSA infection, however, current treatment options are still inadequate, and MRSA has always existed as a risk factor to endanger human life (Zhang et al 2019).…”