“…The effects of heavy metals on human health are well-known. Studies showed that heavy metal could impair microbiota-gutbrain axis (Lin et al, 2020;Sun et al, 2022;Yu et al, 2022) while probiotics and prebiotics alleviated the damage (Nagano et al, 2021;Yao et al, 2022;Zhang et al, 2023). The following study shows early lead exposure not only disturbed gut microbiota but also impaired mental health.…”