Effect of 10 UV filters on the brine shrimpArtemia salinaand the marine microalgaeTetraselmissp

Abstract

The presence of pharmaceutical and personal care products' (PPCPs) residues in the aquatic environment is an emerging issue due to their uncontrolled release, through grey water, and accumulation in the environment that may affect living organisms, ecosystems and public health.The aim of this study is to assess the toxicity of benzophenone-3 (BP-3), bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine (BEMT), butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (BM), methylene bisbenzotriazolyl tetramethylbutylphenol (MBBT), 2-Ethylhexyl salicylate (ES), diethylaminohydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate (DHHB), diethylhexyl butamido triazone (DBT), ethylhexyl triazone (ET), homosalate (HS), and octocrylene (OC) to marine organisms from two major trophic levels including autotrophs (Tetraselmis sp.) and heterotrophs (Artemia salina). In general, EC50 results show that both HS and OC are the most toxic for our tested species, followed by a significant effect of BM on Artemia salina but only at high concentrations (1 mg/L) and then an effect of ES, BP3 and DHHB on the metabolic activity of the microalgae at 100 µg/L. BEMT, DBT, ET, MBBT had no effect on the tested organisms, even at high concentrations (2mg/L). OC toxicity represent a risk for those species since it is observed at concentrations only 15 to 90 times 2 higher than the highest concentrations reported in the natural environment and HS toxicity is for the first time reported on microalgae and was very important on Tetraselmis sp. at concentrations close to the natural environment concentrations. Keywords UV-filtersToxicity tests Marine microalgae Artemia salinaMarine environment Instar II III) was determined after 48 h of exposure by counting dead larvae (Fig. 1). At the highest 130 8 concentration tested (2 mg/L), HS, BM, and OC demonstrated a significant effect on Nauplii 131 survival (p < 0.05) with mortality values reaching 54 ± 16%, 64 ± 19% and 88 ± 16%, respectively. 132 At lower concentrations of these filters no significant effect was detected. For BP3, BEMT, MBBT, 133 ES, DHHB, DBT and ET no toxicity was observed, even at the highest concentration. 134 135 136 137

UV filter occurrence in beach water of the Mediterranean coast – A field survey over 2 years in Palavas‐les‐Flots, France

“…ref. [48,52,53]. These values are at least 100 times superior to the concentration values measured in situ in our study (<10 μg/L), and above the maximum water solubility for at least OCR and OMC [19,36].…”